Introduction to Agricultural Policy
and Development
Agri 225
Prepared by:
DENNMARK A. CENTENO
Instructor
dennmarkcenteno@[Link]
0967-674-3152
The Policy Making Process
Public policy involves action taken by public officials and public
institutions to meet the challenges of real world issues
Government official,
The policy process, in simplified form, can be understood as a
sequence of phases : agenda setting, formulation, implementation and
evaluation.
Policy- making processes or cycles emphasize and initiative to solve
problems and may take the form of programs, project, and budget
allocations.
General policy Process
Agenda Setting / Problem
Identification
Policy Formulation
Policy Evaluation
Policy Implementation Policy Adaptation Legitimization
Identification of issues – identifying
the problem that causes dissatisfaction
to the public – poverty,
unemployment, inflation ,food
security, high rate of crime
Agenda setting – is the process or
behavior to a social issue or problem
as a policy problem chosen by the
government
Policy Formulation –
Discussing and
suggesting approaches to
addressed problems that
have been raised as part
of the agenda.
Policy Adaptation/ Legitimization – is approved as a result of the
statement or action f the government official
It is the stage during which decision are made at the governmental
level , resulting in a decision that favors one or more approaches to
addressed a certain issue.
Policy Implementation –is when
action is taken to address a public
problem . At this stage , the design
of a policy proposal is put into
effect and the policy is
implemented by the respective
government departments, and
agencies, in conjunction with other
organizations as required.
Policy Evaluation – is
the systematic collection
and analysis of
information to make
judgments about the
outcomes of the policy
process
• Institutions/sectors involved in the policy
making process
1. Legislative or Legislator
2. Executive
3. Judiciary
“someone that has legal authority”
• Institutions/sectors involved in the policy making
process
1. Individual Citizen
2. Interest Group
3. Political Parties
4. Media
“someone who does not hold formal public positions”
1. Individual Citizen
How do they influenced
Election of Representative
Protest or Rallies
Lobbying
Example
1. People Power Revolution (1986)
2. Protest in Quezon City (2020)
2. Interest Groups
How do they influence?
1. Lobbying :letter writing, phone calls , raise
money, contribute money, testify, educate, inform
the public , engage in public debate.
Examples:
2. Gender Groups 4. Peoples Orgs.
3. NGO’s
4. Business Groups
3. Political Parties
How do they Influence?
1. Shape public Opinion
2. Through their representative
Example
3. PDP Laban
4. Liberal Party
5. Bayan Muna
4. Media
1. Shape Public Opinion
2. Serves as Watchdog of the Government
EXAMPLES
3. Newspapers
4. Blogs
5. Websites
6. Television , radio, Social Media
