Oral Radiograph
Anatomical
landmarks
Names::
Supervisor
Banen Marwa
Najah Radhi Murteda
Haythem Amna :Dr. Aymen
Rukeya
Jawad Ammar hameed:
A number of anatomic landmarks are visible in dental
radiographs.
Knowledge of the location and normal appearances of these landmarks is
important in identification and orientation of radiographs. This knowledge
is valuable to the dental officer in determining whether the area is
normal or abnormal.
discuss
Radiolucent vs.
Radiopaque
Structures that are cavities and Structures that are bony in
depressions or openings in origin absorb or stop the
bone such as a sinus,fossa, and penetration of the x-rays and,
canal or foramen will allow x- therefore, do not reach the
rays to penetrate through them receptor.
and expose the receptor These areas appear radiopaque
(dental film). or white on radiographic
These areas will appear radiolucent or images. Some
black on radiographic images.
We will
discuss
NORMAL
TOOTH
ANATOMY
Enamel:
It is the most radiopaque
structure.
Dentin:
less radiopaque than enamel,
has the same radiopacity as
bone.
Cementu
m:most areas of the root surface
in
cannot be seen radiographically.
It has the same density as bone or
dentin.
Jaw bone:
bone tissue is arranged in the form of
bone trabeculae which are in maxilla
fine and arranged in a lace like pattern,
where as in the mandible they are
usually coarse and run in a horizontal
pattern and larger bone trabecular
spaces than in maxillary bone.
Pulp
Radiolucent on a dental
image.
Lamina dura
It is the radiopaque border of bone
surrounding the periodontal
ligament.
Some terms of
dental
radiographs
Prominences of
bone
Prominences of bone are composed of dense
cortical bone and appear radiopaque on dental
images.
Proces
s: or projection of
A marked prominence
bone; an example is the coronoid process
of the mandible
Ridge
: or projection of bone;
A linear prominence
an example is the external oblique ridge of
the mandible.
Tuberosit
y
A rounded prominence of bone; an
example is the maxillary tuberosity
Spine
: projection of bone; an
A sharp, thorn-like
example is the anterior nasal spine.
Spaces and Depressions in
Bone
Spaces and depressions in bone do not resist the passage
of the x-ray beam and appear radiolucent on dental
images.
Four terms can be used to describe the spaces and depressions
in bone viewed in maxillary and mandibular periapical images,
as follows:
Foramen: an opening or hole in bone
Canal:a tube like passageway through
that permits the passage of nerves
bone that contains nerves and blood
and blood vessels; an example is the
vessels; an example is the mandibular
mental foramen of the mandible.
canal
Fossa: a broad, shallow, scooped-out or
Sinus: a hollow space, cavity, or recess depressed area of bone; an example is the
in bone; an example is the maxillary submandibular fossa of the mandible.
sinus
Miscellaneous Terms
Two other general terms can be used to describe
normal landmarks viewed on a dental image, as
follows:
Septum: a bony wall or partition
that divides two spaces or
cavities. An example is the
nasal septum.
Suture: an immovable joint that
represents a line of union between
adjoining bones of the skull. An
example is the median palatine suture
of the maxilla
The composition of bone in the human body
Types of can be described as either cortical or
Bone cancellous
Cortical bone, also referred to as Cancellous bone (also called trabecular bone) is the soft,
compact bone, is the dense outer layer spongy bone located between two layers of dense cortical
of bone bone
Posterior maxilla
in the posterior maxilla
the trabecular pattern is
Anterior usually quite similar to
Maxilla
The trabeculae in the that in the anterior
anterior maxilla, although the
Maxilla are typically thin marrow spaces may be
and numerous slightly larger
Anterior
mandible
the trabeculae In the
anterior mandible the Posterior
trabeculae are somewhat
thicker than in the maxilla, mandible
resulting in a coarser In the posterior mandible the periradicular trabeculae
pattern, with trabecular and marrow spaces may be comparable to those in the
plates that are oriented anterior mandible but are usually somewhat larger. In
more horizontally the anterior maxilla are typically thin and numerous
Landmarks in
radiographs of
maxilla
Nasal
The nasal cavity Cavity
(also known as the nasal fossa) is a
pear-shaped compartment of bone located superior
to the Maxilla. The nasal cavity appears as a large,
radiolucent area superior to the maxillary incisors
Floor of Nasal
The floor oCavity
the nasal cavity is a bony wall
Appearance. The floor of the nasal cavity appears
as a
dense radiopaque band of bone superior to the
maxillary incisors .
Nasal Septum
The nasal septum is a vertical bony wall or partition
that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left
nasal fossae (fossae is the plural of fossa). The
nasal septum
appears as a vertical radiopaque partition that
divides the nasal cavity.
Anterior Nasal
The anteriorSpine
nasal spine is a sharp projection of the
maxilla
located at the anterior and inferior portion of the
nasal cavity. The anterior nasal spine appears as a
V-shaped radiopaque area located at the intersection
of the floor
of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum.
Septa Within Maxillary Maxillary
Sinus
Bony septa (septa is the plural of septum) Sinus
The maxillary sinuses are paired cavities or
may be seen within the maxillary sinus. compartments of bone located within the
Septa are bony walls or partitions that maxilla. The maxillary sinus appears as a
appear to divide the radiolucent area located superior to the
maxillary sinus into compartments. The apices of maxillary premolars and molars. It
septa appear as radiopaque lines within the is bounded by a thin radiopaque line ( thin
maxillary sinus with variable length. layer of cortical bone)
Maxillary
Tuberosity
The maxillary tuberosity is a rounded
prominence of bone that extends posterior
to the third molar region . The maxillary
tuberosity appears as a radiopaque bulge
distal to the third molar region.
Incisive
It is an opening or hole in boneForamen
located at the midline of the anterior portion of the
hard palate. The nasopalatine nerve exits the maxilla through the incisive
foramen. The incisive foramen appears as a small, ovoid or round radiolucent area
located between the roots
of the maxillary central incisors.
Median Palatal Suture (inter maxillary
suture)
The median palatal suture is
the immovable joint between
the two
palatine processes of the
Appearance.
maxilla. On an anterior
maxillary periapical image, the
median palatal
suture appears as a thin radiolucent
line between the maxillary central
incisors
Lateral Fossa
The lateral Fossa (also known as the canine fossa) is a smooth,depressed area of the
maxilla located between maxillary canine and lateral incisors.
Appearance. On an anterior
maxillary periapical image,
the lateral fossa appears as a
radiolucent area between the
maxillary canine and lateral
incisor
Inverted Y
The term inverted Y refers to
the intersection of the
maxillary sinus and the nasal
cavity as viewed on a dental
image.
Appearance. The inverted Y
appears as a radiopaque
upside-down Y formed by the
intersection of the lateral wall
of the nasal fossa and the
anterior border of the maxillary
sinus
Zygomatic Process of Maxilla
The zygomatic process o the maxilla is a bony projection of the maxilla that articulates
with the zygoma, or malar bone. The zygomatic process of the maxilla is composed of
dense cortical bone.
Appearance. The zygomatic
process
of the maxilla appears as a J-
shaped or U-shaped radiopacity
located superior
to the maxillary 1st molar region.
Landmarks in
radiographs of the
mandible
Mental
foramen
The mental foramen appears as
a small, ovoid or round radiolucent area
located in the apical region of the
mandibular premolars. Blood vessels and
nerves that supply the lower lip exit
through the mental foramen.
Mandibular
canal
Two thin radiopaque lines that
represent the cortical walls of the
canal outline the mandibular canal.
The mandibular canal appears below
or superimposed over the apices of
the mandibular molar teeth.
Mylohyoid Ridge
The mylohyoid ridge (also known as
the
internal oblique ridge) is a linear
prominence of bone located on the
internal surface of the mandible. It
Mylohyoid ridge
appears as a dense radiopaque band
that extends downward and forward
from the third molar region at the level
of the apices of the posterior teeth.
External Oblique
It Ridge
External Oblique
Ridge is a linear prominence of bone
located on the external surface of the
body of the mandible. It is as a
radiopaque band extending
downward and forward from the
Mylohyoid ridge anterior border of the ramus of the
mandible. It runs superior to the
mylohyoid
ridge in a parallel course with it.
Submandibular Fossa
The submandibular fossa is a scooped-out,
depressed area of bone located on the internal
surface of the mandible inferior to the
mylohyoid ridge. The submandibular fossa
appears as a radiolucent area in the molar
region below the mylohyoid ridge.
Coronoid Process
The coronoid process is a marked
prominence
of bone on the anterior ramus of the
mandible . The coronoid process appears
as a triangular radiopacity superimposed
over, or inferior to, the
maxillary tuberosity region.
Inferior border of
is mandible
the lower most part of the mandible.
Appears as dense broad radiopaque band
of bone.
Mental Ridge
The mental ridge is a linear prominence of cortical bone located on the external
surface of the anterior portion of the mandible
Appearance. On a mandibular
periapical image, the mental ridge
appears as a thick radiopaque
band that extends from the
premolar region to the incisor
region
Mental Fossa
The mental fossa is a scooped-out, depressed area of bone located on the external
surface of the anterior mandible above the mental ridge.
Appearance. On a mandibular
periapical image, the mental
fossa appears as a radiolucent
area overlying the roots of
mandibular incisors
materials
RADIOGRAPHIC
APPEARANCE OF
RESTORATIVE
MATERIALS
Radiopaque restorative
materials
Zinc oxide - Zinc phosphate
eugenol cement Silver points Silver amalgam
Metal Band and
orthodontics
wires
Gutta — Stainless steal
percha crown
Radiolucent restorative
materials
,Silicate Calcium Porcelain and Acrylic
s hydroxide Crown
pastes
Thank You