Narration
Direct Indirect
Why is it also called direct Indirect
• He says , “I am ill” (direct)
• He says that he is ill. (Indirect)
2 Parts
Reporting speech (Sp-I) Reported Speech (Sp-II)
He says , “I am ill”
Basic Rule
• Major changes are made in Sp-II according to Sp-I
He says , “I am ill” He says that he is ill.
Pronoun change
First Person (sp-II) 2nd Person(Sp-II) 3rd Person (Sp-II)
I,We (sub) You as subject He. She ,It, They (Subjective)
You Object His, Her ,its, Their (possessive)
me,us (obj ) Your Possessive Him, her, it, Them (objective)
my,our (poss.)
Subject of Speech I Object of Sp-I No Change
Ist person change of Sp-II
• He says , “we are ill” He says that they are ill.
• you say, “I am ill” You say that you is ill.
• (Number, gender and Case of the Pronoun of sp-II remains same but
their personal pronoun category is determined on the basis of the
subject of Sp-I
2nd person change of Sp-II
• You say to me, “you are ill.” You say to me that I am ill.
• You say to him, “I am your brother.” You say to him that you are his brother.
• If there is no object in Sp-I
If there is no object in Sp-I
•You (subject) I
•Your My
•You (object) Me
• He says, “you are ill.” he says that I am ill.
• They say, “I teach you.” They say that he teaches me.
3rd person change of Sp-II
• 3rd Person
• He. She ,It, They
• His, Her ,its, Their
• Him, her, it, Them
• There will be no Pronoun Change in Sp-II
• You say, “he is ill.” You say that he is ill.
• I say, “they are her brothers”
• I say that they are her brothers
2
Tense Change
Narration 2nd major Change
Tense Change
• If there is present or future tense in speech-I, there will be no tense
change in Sp-II.
• He says, “they are coming.” He tells that they are coming.
• +, “…”
• He will say, “they had come.” He will tell that they had come.
• Present or future = +
• Past Tense = -( x,y, -x) = -x,-y,x
Tense Change
• If there is Past Tense in Sp-I
• All Present of Speech-II will be changed in the past form of same tense.
4
• All Past Tenses of Speech-II will be changed.
• All future Tenses of Speech-II will be converted into past form
Present of Speech-II will be changed into
respective Past
1. Present indefinite Past Indefinite
• He said, “they come.” He told that they came.
-, “…”
2. Present Continuous Past Continuous
• He said, “they are coming.” He told that they were coming.
• He said ,” they have come”. He told that they had come.
• He said ,” they have been coming”. He told that they had been coming.
• He tells me, “you live in your country with my friends who bless me
and you .
• He tells me that i live in my country with his friends who bless him
and me.
• He said, “they have been coming.” He said/told that they had
been coming.
If you have Past Tense in Sp-II
• Past Tense in Sp-I
• He said,” they came.” he said that they had come.
• He says,” I came .”
• He said,” they were coming.” he told that they had been coming.
• He said,” they had been coming.” he told that they had been coming
• He said, “they had come”.
• He said that they had come.
If we have future in Sp-II
• If there is past tense in sp-I
• Will/shall would
• He said ,” you will leave tomorrow.” He told that I would leave
the next day.
• He said, “you will leave.” he said/told that I would
• He said, “I shall leave.” he told that he would leave
Pronoun Change
• He says, “you are my brother but I am so useless that I could not
respect you as elder brother and hurt your ego so much.”
• He says that I am his brother but I is so useless that he could not
respect me as elder brother and hurt my ego so much.”
• He said, “ I am your brother but my friends always give you bad
impression about upcoming events related to me, we shall be
perished.”
• he said that he is my brother but his friends always give me bad
impression about upcoming events related to him, they shall be
perished.
• he said that he was my brother but his friends always gave me bad
impression about upcoming events related to him, they would be
perished.
• He told , “they came.” he told that they had come.
• He told, “they were coming.” he told that they had been coming.
• He told,” they had come”.
• He told,” they had been coming”. He told that they had been coming
• He said that he was my brother but his friends always gave me bad
impression about upcoming events related to him, they would be
perished.
• Blues (pronoun change)
• Green( Tense Change)
• Few words change like this into that etc
• He said, “you are my brother but I am so useless that I could not
respect you as elder brother and hurt your ego so much.”
• He says that I was his brother but he was so useless that he could not
respect me as elder brother and hurt my ego so much.
Kinds of Sentences & their Changes
1. Assertive / Affirmative /Declarative
2. Interrogative
3. Exclamatory
4. Imperative
Assertive / Affirmative /Declarative
• Any information
• Statement
• She said , “You are a student.” she said that I was a student.
• He said, “You are not a student.” he said that I was not a student.
Interrogative
• It wont take “that “You are a student. Are you a student?
1. Are you going? ( If/whether) instead of that to replace “”
• He said , “ are you going?” He asked if I was going.
2. Where are you going? ( where) instead of that to replace “”
• He said, “where are you going?” he asked where I was going.
• Turn the remaining part after if or where into assertive sequence.
• He said to his brother, “ Are you crazy?”
• He asked his brother if he was crazy.
• They said to their friends “ Will they be able to finish the task assigned
by you?’’
• They asked their friends whether they would be able to finish the task
assigned by them.
• She said to her sister,” when will you complete the activity?”
• She asked her sister when she would complete the activity.
Exclamatory
• He said, “ what a beautiful dress you have!”
• He exclaimed with wonder that I had a very beautiful dress.
• He said , “Hurrah!3 We have won the match.”
• He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
Imperative ( advice, Command Request
Suggestion
• We have to use “to” to replace “”
He said to him, “Please wait here till I return.’’ (Request)
He requested him to wait there till he returned.
“Call the first witness,’’ said the judge. (Order)
The judge commanded/ordered to call the first witness.
• My friend said, “ don’t make the wrong decision.”
• My friend advised me to not make
• My friend suggested me to not make….
• My friend forbade me to make wrong decision.
Universal Truths
• Remain mostly unchanged
• The teacher said, “The earth revolves around the sun.”
• The teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun.
Change into indirect
• “I’ll have a cup of tea,” my father said, “because I’m not hungry”
• Pamela said, “Man is mortal.”
• He said to me, “How long will you stay here?”
• The man said to the officer, “Please help me.”
• She asked me, “Are you happy in your new job?”
• He remarked, “Two and two makes four.”
• “Don’t waste time”, the teacher said to the students
• John said to his mother, “I shall go to bed now.”
• “You had better not leave your room unlocked”, said my friends.
• “If you don’t keep quiet I shall punish you”, he said to her in a calm
voice.
• The mother said to me, “ you are my only son who listens me, you
always tried to obey me.”
• The mother told me that I was her only son who listened her , I always
had tried to obey her.