SCIENCE
PROJECT
TOPIC- Natural Phenomena
Subtopics and Students
Volcanic Eruption - Bhavya Maweri
Earthquake - Ananya Varshney
Lightning - Krrish Singh
Do’s and Dont’s - Divyansh Kumar
Map work - Yash Jalal
Class Teacher - Ms. Priyanka Asthana
NATURAL PHENOMENA
Disaster caused by natural forces rather than by
human action that affects the environment, and
leads to financial, environmental and/or human
losses.
Some types of natural phenomena are –
Volcanic eruption, Earthquakes, Lightning,
Tsunamis, Tornadoes, Drought, etc.
Here, we will be discussing about some of the
natural phenomenas.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
The word Volcano is derived from the name of the Roman God
of Fire ‘Vulcan’.
A Volcano is a vent or opening on the Earth’s surface through
which hot, molten magma, ash and gases come out from below
the surface.
Volcanoes erupt when molten rock called magma rises to the
surface. Magma is formed when the Earth’s mantle melts.
Melting may happen where tectonic plates are pulling apart or
where one plate is pushed down under another. Magma is
lighter than rock so rises towards the Earth’s surface.
Sometimes, the lava spreads over the land and covers the entire
region. As lava cools down, it solidifies and forms rocks. Some
volcanoes are formed under the sea. When such lava cools down
it forms an Island.
Stromboli Volcanic Island
According to the nature of their eruption, there are three types of
volcano : Active, Dormant and Extinct.
Barren island is situated at the Andaman Sea and it is the only
confirmed active volcano in India.
EARTHQUAKE
An Earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth which lasts for a
very short time. It is caused by a disturbance deep inside the earth’s crust.
Earthquakes occur all the time, all over the earth. They can cause immense
damage to buildings, bridges, dams and people and can be a great loss to life
and property. Earthquakes can cause floods, landslides and tsunamis.
The upper most layer of Earth’s
surface consists of several large
slabs of rocks called Tectonic
plates. These plates move very
slowly and usually slide past each
other. However, sometimes these
plates get stuck together and
cannot move, so pressure builds up. Destruction caused due to an earthquake
This pressure on the rock plates makes the land shake violently, leading to
earthquakes. The boundaries of the plates are the weak zones where
earthquakes are more likely to occur.
In India, the most threatened areas are Kashmir, Western and Central
Himalayas, the whole of North-East, Rann of Kutch, Rajasthan and the Indo-
Gangetic Plane. Some areas of South India also fall in the danger zone.
Intensity of the earthquake is measured on the Richter scale (invented
by Charles Francis Richter in 1935) which runs from 0 to 9 levels.
The tremors produce waves on the surface of the earth. These are
called seismic waves. The waves are recorded by an instrument called
the Seismograph. By studying these waves, scientists can construct a
complete map of the earthquake.
Map of the Earthquake
A major earthquake occurred on 26 January 2001 in Bhuj district of
Gujarat and also occurred in India on 8 October 2005 in Uri and
Tangdhar towns of North Kashmir.
LIGHTNING
Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which
two electrically charged regions in the atmosphere or ground
temporarily equalize themselves, causing the instantaneous release of
as much as one gigajoule of energy.
.
Lightning is a discharge of electricity. A single stroke of lightning can heat the
air around it to 30,000°C (54,000°F)! This extreme heating causes the air to
expand explosively fast. The expansion creates a shock wave that turns into a
booming sound wave, known as Thunder.
Lightning begins as static charges in a rain cloud. Winds inside the
cloud are very turbulent. Water droplets in the bottom part of the cloud
are caught in the updrafts and lifted to great heights where the much
colder atmosphere freezes them. Meanwhile, downdrafts in the cloud
push ice and hail down from the top of the cloud. Where the ice going
down meets the water coming up, electrons are stripped off.
Map for belts of various Natural
Disasters
Map of belts of -
Volcanic eruption
Earthquake
Lightning
Map showing belts for Volcanic Eruption
Map showing belts for Earthquake
Map showing areas prone to Lightning
There are some natural phenomenas which
are very miserable and dangerous for us.
We cannot stop these phenomenas from
happening.
So here are some Do’s and Dont’s which
we should Do/Not Do during these
phenomenas to minimize the impact and
damage caused by them.
Things we should not do during volcanic
eruption:
• Don’t run vehicles during volcanic
eruption.
• Avoid river valleys and low lying
areas.
• We should not wear pants and t-shirts
with half sleeves.
• Do not leave doors and windows of
your house open.
Earthquakes happen without warning. We don’t know when the next major earthquake will happen, but
we can take action now to prepare to survive it and minimize impact
things we should not do during an earthquake:
Things which we should not do during
lightning:
• Don’t wash water dishes as water is
a good conductor of electricity.
• Do not lie on the ground to avoid
lightning.
• Don’t stand near or under isolated
tall trees, towers or utility poles.
• Don’t use electrical equipment or
mobile phones etc.
• Don’t swim and stay away from
water and find yourself a shelter.
THANK YOU