MODULE 5

OUTLINE

1. Domestic Wiring
1. Requirements
2. Type of wiring – casing capping and conduit
3. Two way and three way control of load
2. Personal safety measures
1. Electric shock.
2. Earthing and its types
3. Safety precautions to avoid shock
DOMESTIC WIRING
 Requirements
• Electrical wiring done in residential and
commercial buildings to provide power for
lights, fans, pumps and other domestic
appliances is known as domestic wiring.
• These are several wiring systems in practice
such as tree system and distribution systems.
Casing and Capping
• It consists of insulated conductors laid inside
rectangular, teak wood or PVC boxes having
grooves inside it.
• A rectangular strip of wood called capping
have same width as that of casing is fixed over
it.
• Both the casing and the capping are screwed
together at every 15cms.
• Casing is attached to wall.
• The system is suitable for indoor and domestic
installations
Conduit wiring
 Conduit wiring
• In this method VIR or PVC wires are run
through conduit.
• There are two types of conduit wiring
– Open conduit system
– Concealed conduit system
• In modern houses conduit system of wiring
is commonly used.
• Mechanically concealed conduit is
completely protected.
 Two-way control of a load.
B1 B2
Line

A2
A1 C1 C2
Load
Switch S1 Switch S2
Neutral

Sl. Switch S1 Switch S2 Circuit Path Lamp

No A1 connected to A2 connected to

1 C1 B2 A1-C1-C2-Break OFF
2 B1 B2 A1-B1-B2-A2-Lamp ON
3 B1 C2 A1-B1-B2-Break OFF
4 C1 C2 A1-C1-C2-A2-Lamp ON
 Three-way control of a load.
B1 A2 C2 B3
Line

A3
A1 C1 B2 D2 C3
Switch S1 Switch S2 Switch S3 Load
Neutral

Sl. Switch Switch Switch Switch Circuit Path Lamp

No S1 S2 S2 S3
A1 A2 B2 A2
connec connec connec connec
ted to ted to ted to ted to
1 B1 C2 D2 C3 A1-B1-A2-C2-B3-Break OFF
2 C1 C2 D2 C3 A1-C1-B2-D2-C3-A3-Lamp ON
3 C1 D2 C2 C3 A1-C1-B2-C2-B3-Break OFF

4 C1 D2 C2 B3 A1-C1-B2-C2-B3-A3-Lamp ON
PERSONAL SAFETY MEASURES
 Electric Shock
• When a person comes in contact with live wire of
the electric supply he undergoes Electric Shock.
• It may be mild or severe
• Mild shock – nervousness
• Severe shock – may produce convulsions which
ultimately lead to unconsciousness and death.
• Severity of an electric shock depends on
1. Magnitude of current
2. Time for which the current passes
3. The path of current passed
4. Frequency of the current
5. Physical and Psychological condition of the victim
 Safety precautions to avoid shock.
1. Make sure that all metallic parts are effectively earthed.
2. Broken switches, plugs etc., should be replaced
immediately.
3. Use rubber sole shoes and gloves while repairing/testing
electrical equipment.
4. Always use well insulated tools(screw driver, pliers,
cutters, etc)
5. Never touch two different terminals at the same time.
6. Use correct rating of fuse wire
7. Never insert bare wires in the holes of a socket, for
taking a connection. Always use a proper plug.
8. In case of electric fire, use only soda acid fire
extinguisher. Do not throw water on live conductors.
9. Etc., etc., etc.,
 EARTHING
• An electrical equipment or appliance is said to
be earthed, if its outer frame and its other
parts not carrying any current are connected
to the earth so as to attain as nearly zero
potential as possible.
• Earthing provides safety.
• Methods of Earthing
1. Plate Earthing
2. Pipe Earthing
 PLATE EARTHING
A plate following dimensions is
Conduit
Earth Wire used as earth electrode
(Copper)
(i)Copper Plate :
Funnel for
2 to 3m pouring 0.3m x 0.3m x 6.35mm
water
Common (ii)GI Plate :
Salt
Charcoal
0.3m x 0.3m x 3.2mm
The Plate is buried to a depth not less
Copper
Plate
than 2m and at least 0.6m away
from the foundation of any
building.

Layers of common salt and charcoal are 30mm and 80mm thick resp
 PIPE EARTHING
Earth Wire
Conduit • A GI pipe with a few
(Copper) holes at its lower end
Funnel for is buried to a depth
2m pouring
water not less than 2m and
Common
Salt at least 0.6m away
Charcoal
Common
from the foundation
Salt of any building.
Charcoal
Common
Salt

12mm dia Holes 38mm dia GI pipe

EQUIPMENT SAFETY MEASURES
FUSE
 FUSE
• A fuse is the simplest device used in an electrical
circuit to protect against overloading or fir
hazards due to short circuit.
• It consists of a small piece of metal called Fusing
element.
• Fuse is connected in series with a circuit.
• When excessive current flows, the fusing
element melts and the current is interrupted.
As a result, the circuit gets disconnected from
the supply.
 FUSE
• Working Principle (Q=I2Rt)
• Desired Characteristics
– Good conductivity
– Low melting point
– Low specific heat
– Low cost
– Non-deterioration due to oxidation
• Ratings of Fusing Element
• Rated Current
• Fusing Current
• Fusing Factor = Fusing Current = 2 for domestic wiring
Rated current
 FUSE MERITS
• Fuse is cheapest type of protection in an
electrical circuit
• Fuse needs zero maintenance
• Operation of fuse is simple and no complexity
is involved
• Fuse has the ability to interrupt enormous
short circuit current without producing noise,
flame, gas or smoke
 FUSE MERITS
• The operation time of fuse can be made much
smaller than operation of circuit breaker. It is
the primary protection device against short
circuits
• It affords current limiting effect under short-
circuit conditions
• Fuse inverse time current characteristic has
the ability to use for over-load protection
 FUSE DEMERITS
• During short circuit or overload once fuse
blows off replacing of fuse takes time. During
this period the circuit lost power
• When fuses are connected in series it is
difficult to discriminate the fuse unless the
fuse has significant size difference
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
• In modern practices, we use an MCB in place of a fuse.
• A fuse cut-out assembly made of porcelain is comparatively
cheaper (costing about Rs 25) than an MCB (costing about Rs
120) but occupies more space & is quite cumbersome to
install and operate.
• MCB is a neat & clean device
• MCB simply trips whenever the current in the circuit
exceeds its rating.
• On correcting the fault, it can simply be switched ON
again.
 MCB MERITS
• MCBs have more sensitive to current then
fuse.
• It has quick work against short circuits.
• It works quickly on overloading and under
voltage.
• It is reusable hence less maintenance cost and
less replacement cost.
• It is very simple to resume the supply.
 MCB MERITS
• It can be easily used circuit control switch
when needed.
• Handling MCB is electricity safer than handling
fuse, in case of MCB.
• It has reliable.
• MCB provides a better interface.
• MCB performance immediate indication of
faculty circuit.
 MCB MERITS
• The performance of MCB is good in case of
earth leakage.
• In the case of surge current, The MCB has
time delay characteristics, therefore, it works
properly.
• Shorter tripping time under moderate over
current than with fuses.
• When the use of MCB, the faulty zone of the
electrical circuit can be easily identified.
 MCB DEMERITS
• The cost of the MCB is greater than the fuse.
• The cost of the MCB distribution board is
greater than the rewireable fuse board.
• The risk of overloading of the circuit due to
unqualified of the person operating than
completing removed.
ELECTRICITY BILL
 POWER RATING OF THE HOUSE HOLD
APPLIANCES

• INCANDESCENT BULB

• Incandescent lamps are available at power

ratings of 40 W, 60 W, 100 W, 200 W, etc.
• They work at 230 V, 50 Hz ac supply.
• LED LIGHT

LED lamps are available at power ratings of

9W, 12 W, 24 W, 30 W, 40 W, etc.
ELECTRIC FAN

Electric fans are available at power ratings of

45 W, 55 W, 60 W, 75 W, etc.
ELECTRIC IRON

Electric iron is typically rated at 750 W, 1000 W,

1100 W, etc.
AIR CONDITIONERS

Air conditioners are available at power ratings

of 1 kW, 1.5 kW, 2 kW, etc.
PERSONAL COMPUTERS

•PCs are available at power ratings of 120 W,

200 W, etc.
PRINTERS

Printers are available at power ratings of 1 kW,

1.2 kW, 1.5 kW, etc.
 UNIT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

• It is the physical quantity in which the electrical energy is

measured.

• A unit is represented in Kilowatt Hour kWh.

• This is the actual electrical energy consumed.

• A kilowatt-hour is 1,000 watts used for one hour.

• 1 unit of electrical energy is equal to 1 kWh.

• If an electrical appliance of power 1000 watt is operated on mains

for 1 hour, it will consume 1 unit of electricity.

 TARIFF
• By tariff one means the rules or rates framed for supply of
electricity to the different consumers.
• The actual tariff that the customer pays depends on the
consumption of the electricity. The consumer bill varies according
to their requirements.
• The electricity tariff depend on the following factors.

Type of load

Time at which load is required.

The power factor of the load.

The amount of energy used.
 TWO PART TARIFF
• In this type of tariff there are two types of charges namely
1) Fixed charges

2) Running charges.

• These charges are charged separately. Each consumer has to pay

i) A fixed amount dependent upon his connected load irrespective

of the fact that may use electricity or not, to cover the annual
fixed charges.

ii) Energy charges dependent upon the number of units of electrical

energy consumed by him.
• The main demerit of this type of tariff if that the consumer has to pay
fixed charges even if he consumes less electricity.
 CALCULATION OF
ELECTRICITY BILL FOR
DOMESTIC CONSUMERS
• For domestic consumers electricity bill is calculated based on
two part tariff where there are two types of charges.

1) Fixed meter minimum charges

2) Energy consumption charges

• In the first part consumer has to pay monthly minimum fixed

charges even though he utilizes electricity or not which is fixed
by the supplier.
• In the second part consumer has to pay charges for his
utilization of electrical energy. These charges increase as the
utilization increases.
 TARIFF

Fixed Charges per month For the first kW Rs 85 per kW

For every additional kW up

Rs 95 per kW
to and inclusive of 50 kW

For every additional kW

Rs 150 per kW
above 50 kW

Energy Charges 0-50 units Rs 4.10 per unit

51 – 100 units Rs 5.55 per unit

101 – 200 units Rs 7.10 per unit

Above 200 units Rs 8.15 per unit

Tax On energy charges 9%

1. Calculate, the electricity bill for consumer whose unit
consumption is 280 kWh . Include 9 percent tax on energy bill.
Sanctioned load is 1kW.

Domestic Electricity Calculation – Bescom

Fixed charges per month 1 kW 85

Tariff Range Per unit(₹) Consumed unit Price

0-50 Rs 4.10 per unit 50 205

51-100 Rs 5.55 per unit 50 277.5

101-200 Rs 7.10 per unit 100 710

>200 Rs 8.15 per unit 80 652

Sub Total 1844.5

Electricity Tax @9% 166

Total 2095.5
2. In a 4 BHK flat, total 8 persons are residing. The
average consumption of electricity per day for this flat is
as follows:

If the tariff of electric supply company is as follows, estimate the

total electricity bill for this flat for the month of March.
i)Up to 100 units :Rs 4.00 per unit
ii)From 101 to 200 units :Rs 5.00 per unit
iii)From 201 to 400 units :Rs.6.50 per unit
iv)Above 400 units :Rs.8.00 per unit