BIOLOGY 1
CHEMIOSMOSIS
MAULIT, RHAINIELLE JOANA DENNISE S. MAULIT
12-STEM SALCEDO
RECALL:
• ETC is a group of protein complexes that function in the last
stage of cellular respiration.
• In ETC, electrons move along a series of proteins to generate an
expulsion type force to move hydrogen ions, or protons, across
the mitochondrial membrane.
• In the process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial
matrix to the intermembrane space, and oxygen is reduced to
form water.
RECALL:
• It occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria, where a series of
cytochromes (enzymes) and coenzymes exist.
WHAT IS CHEMIOSMOSIS?
• refers to the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side
of a biological membrane, and as a result, an electrochemical
gradient is generated.
• used to drive ATP synthesis
• this gradient also incites the ions to return passively with the help of
the proteins embedded in the membrane. By "passively", it means
that the ions will move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
WHAT IS CHEMIOSMOSIS?
• Chemiosmosis involves the pumping of protons through special
channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner to the
outer compartment. The pumping establishes a proton (H+)
gradient. After the gradient is established, protons diffuse down the
gradient through a transport protein called ATP synthase.
WHERE DOES CHEMIOSMOSIS OCCUR?
• In eukaryotes, it occurs in the mitochondria particularly in the
inner membrane.
• In prokaryotes, chemiosmosis will occur in their cell membrane.
WHERE DOES CHEMIOSMOSIS OCCUR?
FUNCTION:
• Chemiosmosis is about energy coupling. The relationship
between chemiosmosis and ATP synthesis lies in the generation
of a proton motive force.
• The electrons from the citric acid cycle (where the pyruvate-
turned-acetyl coenzyme A is broken down into carbon dioxide)
are transferred to electron carriers to shuttle them to the ETC.
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
• Is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer
of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of
electron carriers.
FUNCTION:
• Chemiosmosis is about energy coupling. The relationship
between chemiosmosis and ATP synthesis lies in the generation
of a proton motive force.
• The electrons from the citric acid cycle (where the pyruvate-
turned-acetyl coenzyme A is broken down into carbon dioxide)
are transferred to electron carriers to shuttle them to the ETC.
FUNCTION:
• The proton motive force that will develop from the protons
accumulating on one side of the membrane during the energy
transfer via a series of redox reactions in the ETC will, in turn,
be used to build ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Take note: without chemiosmosis, there will be fewer ATP end products
to incur the process.
CHEMIOSMOSIS THEORY:
• According to the chemiosmotic theory, chemiosmosis is driven by an
electrochemical proton gradient essential during the production of ATP. This
theory was proposed by Peter D. Mitchell (1920 – 1992), a British
biochemist.
• Mitchell’s hypothesis, however, was not accepted instantly until a
substantive groundwork on proton pumping was laid. The discovery of ATP
synthase and the pH difference across the thylakoid had the bioenergetics
community consider the validity of his hypothesis.
CHEMIOSMOSIS THEORY:
• In the 1960s, he knew about the phenomenon of membrane potential in
which the inner side of the membrane being negative relative to its
environment. ATP was also already recognized at that time as the cell’s
major energy currency. However, how living organisms produce ATP
biologically was not well established.
• The mitochondria have long been known as the organelles responsible for
ATP synthesis. How these organelles generate ATP was initially not clear and
was presumed to relate to substrate-level phosphorylation (as what happens
in glycolysis).
CHEMIOSMOSIS THEORY:
• Mitchell proposed that ATP could also be produced by chemiosmosis. He
showed that ATP synthesis was coupled to an electrochemical proton
gradient. This provided the basis as to how oxidative phosphorylation led to
ATP synthesis.
CHEMIOSMOSIS MODEL:
CHEMIOSMOSIS MODEL:
CHEMIOSMOSIS MODEL:
Through redox reactions, most of the high-energy electrons are transferred to
NAD+ and FAD to create NADH (and H+) and FADH2, respectively. These
electron-carrying molecules will shuttle the electrons to the ETC for oxidative
phosphorylation
The electrons cause conformation changes in the shapes of the proteins to pump H+
across a selectively permeable cell membrane. The uneven distribution of H+ ions
across the membrane establishes both concentration and electrical gradients (thus, an
electrochemical gradient) owing to the hydrogen ions’ positive charge and their
aggregation on one side of the membrane.
ETC does not produce ATP. Instead, the ETC member pump H+ (protons) to the
intermembrane space as electrons are passed along. As protons are pumped across,
protons there accumulate on one side of the membrane. This creates a proton (H+)
gradient. This is referred as the proton-motive force. They define the term as the energy
generated by the transfer of protons (or electrons) across an energy-transducing
membrane.
The protons will move down their gradient, from the intermembrane space to
the matrix, through the channel of ATP synthase. The hydrogen ion movement
leads to ATP synthesis when the protons release the energy as they cross the
ATP synthase. The energy causes the rotor and the rod of the enzyme to rotate.
The enzyme is, then, activated to harness this force as to build the high-energy
bond between the ADP molecule and the inorganic phosphate (Pi) to produce an
ATP molecule.
• During chemiosmosis, the free energy
from the series of reactions that make • As protons move through ATP synthase,
up the electron transport chain is used ADP is turned into ATP.
to pump hydrogen ions across the
membrane, establishing an
electrochemical gradient.
SUMMARY:
• Hydrogen ions in the matrix space • The production of ATP using the process
can only pass through the inner of chemiosmosis in mitochondria is
mitochondrial membrane through a called oxidative phosphorylation.
membrane protein called ATP
synthase.