SSD3: Object-Oriented Programming and

Design

Object-Oriented Programme 1
 Unit 1. Class Design
 1.1 Java Application
 1.2 Designing Classes

Object-Oriented Programme 2
 1.2 Designing Classes
 Contents
 1.2.1 UML Class Diagrams
 1.2.2 Relationships Between Classes
 1.2.3 Common Class Structures
 1.2.4 UML with Eclipse
 1.2.5 Modeling Classes
 1.2.6 Modeling the Library System
 Assessments
 Practical Quiz 3
 Practical Quiz 4
 Multiple-Choice Quiz 2
 Exercise 2

Object-Oriented Programme 3
 1.2.1 UML Class Diagrams
 Introduction
 Class Notation

Object-Oriented Programme 4
 Introduction
 The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a graphical
language for
 modeling the static and dynamical aspects of a system.
 unifies the best engineering practices for modeling
systems
 defines different graphical diagrams that provide multiple
perspectives of a system under development
 UML is a unification of the methodologies developed by
Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, and Ivar Jacobsen.
 The Object Management Group (OMG), a not-for-profit
organization that promotes the use of object-oriented
technology, has responsibility for the further development of
the UML standard.
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 UML Diagrams
 Use case diagram ( 用例图 )
 Class diagram ( 类图 )
 Object diagrams ( 对象图 )
 Behavior diagrams:
 Statechart diagram ( 状态图 )
 Activity diagram ( 活动图 )
 Interaction diagrams:
 Sequence diagram ( 顺序图 )
 Collaboration diagram ( 协作图 )

 Implementation diagrams:
 Component diagram ( 组件图 )
 Deployment diagram ( 部署图 )

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 Class Notation 类的表示符号
 A class
 represented
by a rectangle with three
compartments.
 The first compartment contains the name of the class;
 the second compartment describes the attributes of the
class;
 third compartment describes the methods of the class.

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 Sample
 From left to right
 Representation of class Employee
 Abbreviated representation of class Employee
 Shortest form of class Employee
 Essential representation of class Employee

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 1.2.2 Relationships Between Classes
 Associations
 One-way and Two-way Associations
 Multiplicity
 Aggregation
 Specialization/Generalization

Object-Oriented Programme 9
 Associations 关联
 An association represents the relationship between
two or more classes.
 A binary association is a relationship between two
classes.
 An object of a class requires an object of another
class to do its work.
 In UML, a binary association is represented by a
solid line that connects the two classes. E.g.,
 In a classroom, a professor instructs students.

 In a bank system, clients hold bank accounts.

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 One-Way and Two-Way Associations
 An association can be a one-way or two-way relationship.
 A one-way association indicates
 the direction in which one can navigate from an object of one
class to an object of another class.
 A two-way association indicates
 bi-directional navigation between objects of two classes.
 difference
 one-way association : the first class has a reference to an
object of the second class, but the second class does not
have a reference to an object of the first class.
 two-way association : each class contains a reference to
an object of the other class.

Object-Oriented Programme 11
 UML samples
 UML indicates a one-way association with an arrow
at the end of the association line.
 The attribute in the first class that contains a
reference to an object of the second class is also
written at the end of the line.
 One-way association between classes Car and
Engine indicates that an engine is part of a car

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 samples
 the relationship between the classes Country,
Government, and Capital
 the class Country has a reference to an object of
class Government
 the class Country a reference to an object of
class Capital


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 A class can contain more than one association
with another class
 Two associations between classes Flight and Pilot,
one association with the attribute pilot and another
with the attribute coPilot.

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 Multiplicity 多重性
 Multiplicity
 indicates the number of instances of a class that
may be associated with a single instance of
another class. E.g.,
 one car has four tires and one engine
 one client holds one or more bank accounts.
 The multiplicity can be specified with
 a single integer
 a range n..m, where n is the lower limit and m is the upper limit.
 “ * “ used to denote no upper limit.

 The following are the most common multiplicities:

 0..1 Zero or one instance
 0..* or * Zero or more instances
 1 Exactly one instance
 1..* One or more instances

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 One-to-one Association
 Ina one-to-one association, exactly one instance of
each class is related with exactly one instance of
the other class.

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 One-to-many Association
 In a one-to-many association between classes A
and B, one instance of class A may be related with
many instances of class B, but one instance of
class B is related with exactly one instance of class
A.

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 Many-to-many Association
 In a many-to-many association between classes A
and B,
 one instance of class A may be related with
many instances of class B
 one instance of class B may be related with
many instances of class A.

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 Aggregation 聚集
 Each instance of class A is composed by instances
of class B.
 An instance of class B is part of an instance of
class A.
 The instance of class A is called the aggregate( 聚
合体 )
 The instance of class B is called the component( 部
件 ).

Object-Oriented Programme 19
Aggregation in UML

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 Specialization/Generalization 具象 / 抽象 ( 继承 /
泛化 )
 Specialization/Generalization represents the is-a
relationship. E.g.,
 a whale is-a mammal
 a client is-a person.
 Specialization/generalization allows class A to be
defined as specialization of another class B.
 Class A is called the specialization class 特殊化类
 Whale, client
 class B the generalization class. 一般化类
 Mammal, person

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 Specialization/Generalization
 Specialization/generalization
 represented in UML by adding a triangle next to
the generalization class:


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 specialization/generalization relationship
 Ifthere is a specialization/generalization
relationship between classes A and B ,so
 if A is-a B, then all instances of class A are also
instances of class B.
教材 书 ， java 程序设计 / 英语 / 大学物理 书
 An important consequence of this relationship is
class A inherits all the features of class B.
All the attributes and methods of class B are also
attributes and methods of class A.

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 specialization/generalization relationship
 The following class diagram represents the
relationships Client is-a Person and Employee is-a
Person:

Object-Oriented Programme 24
 Sample note
 They are specialization/generalization relationships
 the attributes of class Person are also attributes
of classes Client and Employee.
 Each instance of class Client contains the attributes
name, age, address, and accounts;
 Each instance of class Employee contains the
attributes name, age, address, salary, and
departments.

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 Example of a system of multimedia files
 includesimages, audio, and text files.
 The classes are defined as follows:

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 1.2.3 Common Class Structures
 Introduction
 Collections
 Self-ContainingClasses
 Relationship Loops

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 Introduction
 Although the definition of classes and their
relationships depends on the particular application,
some class structures are common to many
designs.
 These class structures, which can be thought of as
basic building blocks, can be composed to design
complex systems.
 Like the the building a skyscraper

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 Collections
 A collectionmodels a
 one-to-many relationship.
 Collections store many instances of one class.

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 sample
 The diagram
 uses a collection to represent the relationship
"one client holds one or more bank accounts"
 defines methods to handle the collection of
BankAccount instances.
 Each BankAccount instance in the collection has an
index indicating its location in the collection.

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 Self-Containing Classes 自包含
 A class can have an association with itself.
 the class contains attributes with references to
objects of the same class.

Object-Oriented Programme 31
 sample
 Class Person in a genealogical tree ( 家族系谱树 )
system.
 The relationships "each person has one mother"
and "each person has one father" are indicated with
the attributes mother and father.
 The attributes mother and father are references to
objects of class Person.

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 Another example,
 The relationship "each employee has one boss."
 The diagram indicates that the boss of an
employee is another employee.

Object-Oriented Programme 33
 Relationship Loops 关系循环
 Self-containment can be found in relationships that
include two or more classes.

Object-Oriented Programme 34
 example
 A file system.
 A file system has folders, and folders contain
files or more folders, or both.
 We can define a class Folder, which contains a
collection of FolderItem objects:

Object-Oriented Programme 35
 1.2.4 UML with Eclipse
 Introduction
 Create Project
 Create Folder
 Create New Class Diagram
 Create Class BankAccount
 Create Class Person
 Create Class Client
 Create Specialization/Generalization Relationship
 Create Association Relationship
 Export Image

Object-Oriented Programme 36
 1.2.5 Modeling Classes
 Process of Modeling Classes
 Identifying Classes
 Identifying Relationships
 Identifying Attributes
 Identifying Methods
 Modeling Using UML

Object-Oriented Programme 37
 Process of Modeling Classes
 Object-oriented design is
 the process of building an object model for a
system to be developed.
 An object model specifies
 the classes
 attributes
 Methods
 relationships with other classes.
 How to building an object model from a system
specification?

Object-Oriented Programme 38
 The steps to create an object model
 Identify classes of objects from the system
specification.
 Identify relationships between classes.
 Identify attributes of each class.
 Identify methods of each class.
 Model system using UML.

Object-Oriented Programme 39
 Identifying Classes
 identify classes is to analyze the textual description
in the system specification.
 In textual analysis, the nouns and the noun phrases
often indicate objects and their classes.
 Singular nouns ( “book,” “library catalog,” and
“client“ ) and plural nouns ( ”users,” “books,” and
“accounts” ) indicate classes. 单数与复数
 Proper nouns ( “the ACME Bank” ) and nouns of
direct reference ( “the person that owned the
account” ) indicate objects. 专有名词与指代

Object-Oriented Programme 40
 The steps for identifying the classes - 1
 List all the nouns in the specification.
 Prune the list: 对列表进行裁剪
 Convert plural nouns to their singular form. In an object
model, class names are singular.
 Eliminate nouns that represent objects. Replace them
with generic nouns.
 use "client" instead of "John Smith."
 Eliminate nouns that are class attributes.
 Ifcannot identify the attributes of the noun, it is possible a class
attribute.
 Group the synonyms and then choose the best name for the
class from the group.
 "user" and "client" are synonyms. In a bank system, the
best name is "client" because the system may have two
types of users: the clients and the bank's employees.

Object-Oriented Programme 41
 The steps for identifying the classes - 2
 Select the classes that are relevant to the system.
 Look for more relevant classes. Search the
application domain for:
 Physical things. "person," "book," and "computer."
 Roles played by persons or organizations."employer" and "supplier."
 Objects that represents an occurrence or event. "system crash,"
"flight," and "mouse click."
 Objects that represent a relationship between other objects in the
model. "purchase" (related to "buyer," "seller," and "merchandise")
and "marriage" (related to "man" and "woman").
 People who carry out some function. "student" and "clerk."
 Places. "library," "classroom," and "bank."
 Collections of objects, people, resources, or facilities. "catalog" and
"group."
 Concepts or ideas that are intangible. 抽象名词 For example,
“money” and “bank account.”

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 The steps for Identifying Relationships - 1
 Create an n x n table where n is the number
of classes.
Label the rows and columns with the class
names.

Object-Oriented Programme 43
 The steps for Identifying Relationships - 2
 identify the specialization/generalization relationships
 for each cell in the row A and column B, ask the following
questions:
Is an instance of class A an instance of class B?
Is an instance of class B an instance of class A?
 Analyze the answer
If the answer to both questions is yes, then
the class names might be synonyms.
If the answer to the first question is yes, then
class A is a specialization of class B.
Mark the cell in the row A and column B with an S.
If the answer to the second question is yes, then
class A is a generalization of class B.
Mark the cell in the row A and column B with a G.

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 The steps for Identifying Relationships - 3
 Identify the association relationships,
 evaluate each cell in the row A and column B:
 If there is no association between class A and class
B, mark the cell with an X.
 If there are one or more associations between class
A and class B, then insert the association attributes.
“study," “buy," "ownedAccounts," and "clients."

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 The table told us …..
 Shows the relationships "a client is a person that
has one or more accounts."
 Indicates that class Client is a specialization of
class Person
 Class Client has an association relationship with
class Account.

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 Identifying Attributes
 Look for adjectives and possessive phrases 所有格
 "the X of Y" and "Y's X" in the system
specification.
 "number of the account" and "client's name.“
 Use knowledge of the application domain to define
the set of attributes needed for the system being
developed. 问题领域的经验，可从专业人员那里获
取

Object-Oriented Programme 47
 Identifying Methods
 To identify behaviors, look for verbs.
 "theclient deposits money into the account“ indicates that
class Account should define a method deposit.
 Use knowledge of the application domain to define
the set of methods needed for the system being
developed.

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 Identifying Methods
 除了以上的，还要利用开发者的经验
 一般的应用系统都有的方法 ( 或系统行为 )
 Create and initialize new instances.
 Set and get values of attributes.
 Load to and save from persistent storage.
 Destroy instances.
 Perform calculations using an object's values.
 Output or display a result.

 Ifthere are any collections held by the object,

 include the methods needed to add, remove, and
access elements of these collections.
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 Modeling Using UML
 Use class notation to represent classes Include
attributes and methods.
 Use link notation to describe association and
specialization/generalization relationships between
classes.
 For associations, specify the multiplicity and the
name of the attribute associated with the
relationship.

Object-Oriented Programme 50
 1.2.6 Modeling the Library System
 Specification of the Library System
 Identifying Classes
 Identifying Relationships
 Identifying Attributes
 Identifying Methods
 Modeling Using UML

Object-Oriented Programme 51
 Specification of the Library System 规格说明
 The library system tracks the items checked out by
borrowers.
 The system contains a catalog of the items owned
by the library. There are two kinds of catalog items:
books and recordings. All catalog items are
identified by a unique code. (If the library owns
several copies of the same book or recording, each
copy has a unique code.) The information for each
item includes title, year, and availability. An item is
available if it is not checked out.

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 Specification of the Library System
 Inaddition:
 The information for a book includes the author and
number of pages.
 The information for a recording includes the
performer and format (CD or tape).
 The system contains a database of the borrowers.
Each borrower has a unique identification code in
addition to a name. The system maintains a list, for
each borrower, of the catalog items checked out.

Object-Oriented Programme 53
 Specification of the Library System
 Inthe library system, the user should be able to:
 Display the catalog by listing the code, title, and
availability of each item.
 Display a catalog item.
 Display the borrowers by listing the identification
code and name of each borrower.
 Display the catalog items checked out by a
borrower.
 Check out a catalog item by adding the item to
borrower's list of borrowed items.
 Check in a catalog item by removing the item
from borrower's list of borrowed items.
Object-Oriented Programme 54
 Identifying Classes
 First, we list the nouns in the system specification:
library system book CD
items recording tape
borrowers copy database
system information borrower
catalog item identification code
library title name
kinds year list
catalog items availability user
books author (borrower) code
audio items number of pages list of borrowed items
(item) code performer
copies format 55
Object-Oriented Programme
 Identifying Classes
 Then, we prune the list by eliminating the following nouns:

(item) code, title, year, availability These nouns are attributes of a catalog item.

author, number of pages These nouns are attributes of a book.

performer, format These nouns are attributes of an audio item.

CD, tape These nouns are values for the attribute format.

name, identification code, (borrower)

These nouns are attributes of a borrower.
code
This noun is an element outside the library
user
system.

information This noun is a generic term for the class attributes.

kinds This noun is not relevant to the system.

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 Identifying Classes
 Next, we group the synonyms and then choose the best name
for the class from each group:

CatalogItem
items, catalog items, copies, copy, item

LibrarySystem
library system, system, library
Borrower
borrowers, borrower
Book
books, book
Recording
recordings, recording
BorrowedItems
list, list of borrowed items
Object-Oriented Programme 57
 Finally, we have ……
 classes that are relevant to the system
 LibrarySystem
Catalog
CatalogItem
Book
Recording
Borrower
BorrowedItems
BorrowerDatabase

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 Identifying Relationships
 tableidentifies the association and
specialization/generalization relationships:

Object-Oriented Programme 59
 Identifying Attributes
 The following is the list of attributes for each class:

Class Attributes

LibrarySystem catalog, borrowerDB

Catalog items
CatalogItem code, title, year, available
Book author, numberOfPages
Recording performer, format
Borrower name, id, borrowedItems
BorrowedItems items
BorrowerDatabase borrowers
Object-Oriented Programme 60
 Identifying Methods
 The following is the list of methods for each class:

Class Methods
LibrarySyste displayCatalog() ， displayCatalogItem(),
m displayBorrowerDatabase(),
displayBorrower(),checkIn(),checkOut()
Catalog addItem(item:CatalogItem)
getItem(index:int):CatalogItem
getNumberOfItems():Int
getItem(code:String):CatalogItem
CatalogItem getCode():String
getTitle():String
getYear():int
isAvailable():boolean
Object-Oriented Programme 61
setAvailable(value:boolean)
 Identifying Methods
 The following is the list of methods for each class:

Class Methods
Book getAuthor():String
getNumberOfPages():int
Recording getPerformer():String
getFormat():String
Borrower getId():String
getName():String
getBorrowedItems():BorrowedItems

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 Identifying Methods
 The following is the list of methods for each class:

Class Methods
BorrowedItems addItem(item:CatalogItem)
removeItem(item:CatalogItem)
getItem(index:int):CatalogItem
getItem(code:String):CatalogItem
getNumberOfItems():int
BorrowerDatab addBorrower(borrower:Borrower)
ase getBorrower(index:int):Borrower
getNumberOfBorrowers():int
getBorrower(id:String):Borrower

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 Modeling Using UML
 Thefollowing is a class diagram for the library
system:

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