Chapter 1.
Introduction
Motivation: Why data mining?
What is data mining?
Data Mining: On what kind of data?
Data mining functionality
Are all the patterns interesting?
Classification of data mining systems
Major issues in data mining
Motivation: “Necessity is the
Mother of Invention”
Data explosion problem
Automated data collection tools and mature database
technology lead to tremendous amounts of data stored
in databases, data warehouses and other information
repositories
We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
Solution: Data warehousing and data mining
Data warehousing and on-line analytical processing
Extraction of interesting knowledge (rules, regularities,
patterns, constraints) from data in large databases
Evolution of Database
Technology
(See Fig. 1.1)
1960s:
Data collection, database creation, IMS and network
DBMS
1970s:
Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation
1980s:
RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO,
deductive, etc.) and application-oriented DBMS (spatial,
scientific, engineering, etc.)
1990s—2000s:
Data mining and data warehousing, multimedia
databases, and Web databases
What Is Data Mining?
Data mining (knowledge discovery in
databases):
Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit,
previously unknown and potentially useful)
information or patterns from data in large
databases
Alternative names and their “inside stories”:
Data mining: a misnomer?
Knowledge discovery(mining) in databases (KDD),
knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, data
archeology, data dredging, information harvesting,
business intelligence, etc.
What is not data mining?
(Deductive) query processing.
Relation to Statistics
Statistical concept as determining a Data
Distribution and calculating a mean and a variance
can be viewed as data mining techniques.
Often used tool in data mining & machine learning
is that of sampling.
Statistics research has produced many of the
proposed data mining algorithms.
Some data mining applications determine
correlations among data.
Statistical inference techniques can be viewed as
special estimators and prediction methods.
Difference between
DM & Statistics
“Data mining is meant
to be used by the
business user – not by
the statistician “
Empirical life cycle for any
scientific research
Analysis
Hypothesis
Theorem
Data Collection
Prediction
Why Data Mining? — Potential
Applications
Database analysis and decision support
Market analysis and management
target marketing, customer relation management,
market basket analysis, cross selling, market
segmentation
Risk analysis and management
Forecasting, customer retention, improved
underwriting, quality control, competitive analysis
Fraud detection and management
Other Applications
Text mining (news group, email, documents) and Web
analysis.
Intelligent query answering
Data Mining: A KDD Process
Pattern Evaluation
Data mining: the core
of knowledge
discovery process. Data Mining
Task-relevant Data
Data Transformation
Data Selection
Warehouse
Data Cleaning
Data Integration
Databases
Steps of a KDD Process
(1)
Learning the application domain:
relevant prior knowledge and goals of application
Creating a target data set: data selection
Data cleaning and preprocessing: (may take 60% of effort!)
Data reduction and transformation:
Find useful features, dimensionality/variable reduction,
invariant representation.
Choosing functions of data mining
summarization, classification, regression, association,
clustering.
Choosing the mining algorithm(s)
Data mining: search for patterns of interest
Pattern evaluation and knowledge presentation
visualization, transformation, removing redundant patterns,
Steps of a KDD Process (2)
Data cleaning – To remove noise & inconsistent data.
Data integration – Where multiple data sources may be
combined.
Data selection – Relevant data are retrieved from the data
base.
Data transformation – Transformed or consolidated
-Summary or Aggregation.
Data mining – An essential process where intelligent
methods are applied to extract data
pattern.
Pattern evolution – To identify the truly interesting patterns.
Knowledge presentation – To present mined knowledge to
the user.
Data Mining and Business
Intelligence
Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Making
Decisions
Data Presentation Business
Analyst
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining Data
Information Discovery Analyst
Data Exploration
Statistical Analysis, Querying and Reporting
Data Warehouses / Data Marts
OLAP, MDA DBA
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Information Providers, Database Systems, OLTP
Architecture of a Typical
Data Mining System
Graphical user interface
Pattern evaluation
Data mining engine
Knowledge-
Database or
base
data warehouse
server
Data cleaning & data integration Filtering
Data
Databases Warehouse
Architecture Major Components (1)
Database or other information repository
Data warehouse – Fetching the relevant data
Knowledge Base
- Domain knowledge
. Interestingness
. Constraints
. Threshold
. Meta data
- Concept Hierarchy
Data mining Engine – Functional module for task
- Characterization
- Association
- Classification
- Cluster Analysis
- Evolution
- Derivation Analysis
Architecture Major Components (2)
Pattern evaluation Module
- Employs Interestingness Measures
- Focus the search towards interest
Graphical User Interface
- Communicates b/w users & the DM system
- uses query
Discovered Knowledge can be applied to:
- Decision making
- Process control
- Information management
- Query Processing
Data Mining: On What Kind
of Data?
Relational databases
Data warehouses
Transactional databases
Advanced DB and information repositories
Object-oriented and object-relational
databases
Spatial databases
Time-series data and temporal data
Text databases and multimedia databases
Heterogeneous and legacy databases
Relational Database
Is a collection of tables, each of which is assigned a unique
name.
Each table consists of
Attributes (Cols or fields)
Tuples (Records or rows)
DM in RDB – is searching for trends or data patterns.
RDB – most popularly available, rich information
repositories.
It consists of the major data for DM.
Transactional Database
Consists of a file.
Each record represents a transaction.
It includes a unique transaction identity no.
List of item included in transactions.
Object-Oriented Database
Based on OOPS.
Each object associated with : set of variable, methods.
Instance.
Inheritance.
Object-Relational Database – Extends the basic relational data
model
by adding the power to handle:
- Complex data types.
- Class hierarchies.
- Object inheritance.
Spatial Database – Contains spatial-related information.
- Includes: Geographic (map) DB.
VLSI chip design DB.
Medical & Satellite image DB.
- Represented in vector format.
- Maps are: roads, bridges, buildings & lakes.
- Mining can be used in:
Describing the characteristics of houses located
near a
specified kind of location, such as a park.
Temporal Database or Time series Database – Stores time
related data
- Usually stores relational data that include time-related
attributes
- It involves several time stamps.
- Time may be decomposed to fiscal, academic, calendar
year.
Text Database – Contains word description for objects.
- Error or bug reports, warning message, summary reports,
notes
- Unstructured: Web pages.
- Semi structured: e-mail messages.
- Well structured: Library DB.
Multimedia Database – Stores image, audio and video data.
- Used in:
Picture content-based retrieval.
Voice-mail system.
Video-on-demand systems.
Heterogeneous & Legacy Database
- Long history of information technology department.
- A large database in a group of heterogeneous DB.
- It contains different types of data systems.
- Relational or object database.
- Hierarchical database.
- N/W database.
- Spreadsheets.
- MM database.
- File system.
Data Mining Functionalities
(1)
Concept description: Characterization and
discrimination
Generalize, summarize, and contrast data
characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet regions
Association (correlation and causality)
Multi-dimensional vs. single-dimensional
association
age(X, “20..29”) ^ income(X, “20..29K”)
buys(X, “PC”) [support = 2%, confidence =
60%]
Data Mining Functionalities
(2)
Classification and Prediction
Finding models (functions) that describe and distinguish
classes or concepts for future prediction
E.g., classify countries based on climate, or classify cars
based on gas mileage
Presentation: decision-tree, classification rule, neural
network
Prediction: Predict some unknown or missing numerical
values
Cluster analysis
Class label is unknown: Group data to form new classes,
e.g., cluster houses to find distribution patterns
Clustering based on the principle: maximizing the intra-
Data Mining Functionalities
(3)
Outlier analysis
Outlier: a data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the data
It can be considered as noise or exception but is quite useful
in fraud detection, rare events analysis
Trend and evolution analysis
Trend and deviation: regression analysis
Sequential pattern mining, periodicity analysis
Similarity-based analysis
Other pattern-directed or statistical analyses
Are All the “Discovered”
Patterns Interesting?
A data mining system/query may generate thousands of
patterns, not all of them are interesting.
Suggested approach: Human-centered, query-based, focused
mining
Interestingness measures: A pattern is interesting if it is
easily understood by humans, valid on new or test data
with some degree of certainty, potentially useful, novel, or
validates some hypothesis that a user seeks to confirm
Objective vs. subjective interestingness measures:
Objective: based on statistics and structures of patterns, e.g.,
support, confidence, etc.
Subjective: based on user’s belief in the data, e.g.,
Can We Find All and Only
Interesting Patterns?
Find all the interesting patterns: Completeness
Can a data mining system find all the interesting
patterns?
Association vs. classification vs. clustering
Search for only interesting patterns: Optimization
Can a data mining system find only the interesting
patterns?
Approaches
First generate all the patterns and then filter out the
uninteresting ones.
Generate only the interesting patterns—mining query
Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple
Disciplines
Database Statistics Image Process
Technology
Neural N/W
High [Link].
Machine
Learning Data Mining Data Visualization
Information
Info. Retrieval
Science
Pattern Recogn.
Signal Processing Spatial Data Anal.
Data Mining: Classification
Schemes
General functionality
Descriptive data mining
Predictive data mining
Different views, different
classifications
Kinds of databases to be mined
Kinds of knowledge to be discovered
Kinds of techniques utilized
A Multi-Dimensional View of
Data Mining Classification
Databases to be mined
Relational, transactional, object-oriented, object-
relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-media,
heterogeneous, legacy, WWW, etc.
Knowledge to be mined
Characterization, discrimination, association,
classification, clustering, trend, deviation and outlier
analysis, etc.
Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple
levels
Techniques utilized
Database-oriented, data warehouse (OLAP), machine
learning, statistics, visualization, neural network, etc.
Applications adapted
OLAP Mining: An Integration of
Data Mining and Data
Warehousing
Data mining systems, DBMS, Data
warehouse systems coupling
No coupling, loose-coupling, semi-tight-coupling, tight-
coupling
On-line analytical mining data
integration of mining and OLAP technologies
Interactive mining multi-level knowledge
Necessity of mining knowledge and patterns at different
levels of abstraction by drilling/rolling, pivoting,
slicing/dicing, etc.
Integration of multiple mining functions
An OLAM Architecture
Mining query Mining result Layer4
User Interface
User GUI API
Layer3
OLAM OLAP
Engine Engine OLAP/OLAM
Data Cube API
Layer2
MDDB
MDDB
Meta
Data
Filtering& Integration Database API Filtering
Layer1
Data cleaning Data
Databases Data
Data integration Warehouse Repository
Major Issues in Data Mining (1)
Mining methodology and user interaction
Mining different kinds of knowledge in databases
- Since different users can be interested in different kinds of knowledge,
data mining should cover a wide spectrum of data analysis and KD tasks.
Interactive mining of knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction
- Since it is difficult to know exactly what can be discovered within a DB.
Incorporation of background knowledge
-Such as integrity constraints and deduction rules, can help focus and
speed up a data mining process.
Data mining query languages and ad-hoc data mining
-Such a language should be integrated with a DB or DW/H query
language, and optimized for efficient and flexible data mining.
Presentation and visualization of data mining results
-Discovered knowledge should be expressed in high level languages,
visual representation (i.e) easily understood and directly usable by
humans. Such as trees, tables, rules, graphs, charts, crosstabs, matrices,
curves.
Handling noise and incomplete data
-As a result the accuracy of the discovered patterns can be poor.
Pattern evaluation: the interestingness problem
Major Issues in Data Mining (2)
Performance and scalability
Efficiency and scalability of data mining algorithms
-The running time of a Data Mining algorithm must be predictable and
acceptable in large Database.
Parallel, distributed and incremental mining methods
-Such algorithms divide the data into partitions, which are processed in
parallel.
-Not from scratch, it will amend and strengthen what was previously
discovered.
Issues relating to the diversity of data types
Handling relational and complex types of data
-One may expect to have different data mining systems for different
kinds of data.
Mining information from heterogeneous databases and global
information systems (WWW)
-Becomes a very challenging and highly dynamic field in data mining.
Issues related to applications and social impacts
Application of discovered knowledge
Domain-specific data mining tools
Intelligent query answering
Process control and decision making
Summary
Data mining: discovering interesting patterns from large
amounts of data
A natural evolution of database technology, in great
demand, with wide applications
A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data
selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation,
and knowledge presentation
Mining can be performed in a variety of information
repositories
Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination,
association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend
analysis, etc.
Classification of data mining systems