TIMBER ROOFING
COURSE INSTRUCTOR
[Link] Sudhan
WHAT IS ROOF?
• UPPER MOST PART OF THE BUILDING
• CONSTRUCTED IN THE FORM OF FRAMWORK TO GIVE PROTECTION TO
THE BUIDLING AGAINST RAIN,SNOW,HEAT,WIND ETC,.
COMPONENTS OF ROOF
• BASICALLY ROOF CONSISTS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND ROOF
COVERINGS
• STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS SUCH AS TRUSSES,PORTALS,SLABS,DOMES ETC.
• ROOF COVERING SUCH AS SHINGLES,SLATES G.I SHEETS, A.C
SHEETS,TILES ETC.
• THE ROOF COVERINGS RECEIVE RAIN,HEAT,SNOW MORE DIRECTLY AND
IN MUCH QUANTITY THAN WALLS.
REQUIREMENT OF GOOD ROOF
• DURABLE AGAINST ADVERSE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS AGNCIES SUCH AS
WIND RAIN, SUN ETC.
• GRANTING DESIRABE INSULATION AGAINST SOUND AND HEAT
• STRUCTURALLY STABLE AND CAPABLE OF TAKING THE LOADS
• ROOF SHOULD BE WELL DRAINED, AND SHOULD NOT STAGNENT WATER
• IT SHOULD HAVE EFFICIENT WATER PROFFING ARRANGEMENTS
• IT SHOULD BE FIRE RESISITANT
CLASSIFICATION OF ROOFS
• PITCHED ROOF OR SLOPING ROOF
• FLAT OR TERRACED ROOF
• CURVED ROOFS
THE CHOICES OF THE TYPES OF ROOFS DEPENDS ON THE CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS,SHAPE OF BUILDING ,AVAILABILITY IF
MATERIALS,IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING
• PITCHED ROOF IS ALSO CALLED ETC. ,WHICH HAVE
AS SLOPING ROOF
SLOPING TOP SURFACES AND THEY ARE USEFUL AT PLACES WHERE
RAINFALL OR SNOWFALL IS HEAVY.
• THE FLAT ROOFS ARE USEFULL AT PLACES WITH MODRATE RAINFALL
• CURVED ROOFS HAVE THEIR TOP SURFACE CURVED IN THE FORM OF
SHELLS AND DOMES. THEY ARE MORE SUITABLE FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS
TO DEVELOP ARCHITECTURAL EFFECT.
PITCHED ROOFS OR SLOPED ROOFS
• DEFINITIONS AND TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN PITCHED ROOFS
GABLE:
TRIANGULAR UPPER PART OF WALL
FORMED AT THE END OF A PITCHED ROOF
BARGE BOARDS:
THESE ARE WOODEN PLANKS WHICH ARE
FIXED ON THE GABLE END OF [Link]
CONNECT THE ENDS OF RIDGE ,PURLINS
AND WALL PLANES
VALLEY:
WHEN TWO ROOF SURFACES MEET
TOGETHER AND FORM AN INTERNAL
ANGLE , A VALLEY IS FORMED.
RIDGE LINE:
THE TOP MOST EDGE OF THE PITCHED
ROOF
RIDGE:
A WOODEN PIECE PROVIDED AT THE
RIDGE LINE OF SLOPING ROOF
EAVES:
THE LOWER EDGE OF THE ROOF WHICH
ARE RESTING UPON OR PROJECTING
BYOND SUPPORTING WALLS
PITCHED ROOFS OR SLOPED ROOFS
• DEFINITIONS AND TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN PITCHED ROOFS
RAFTERS:
PIECES OF TIMBER WHICH EXTEND FROM
EAVES TO RIDGE.
Types of rafters:
1. Common rafters:
Intermediate rafters which gives support
to roof coverings
2. Hip rafters:
Rafters provided at the junction of two
roof slopes.
3. Jack rafters:
Rafters which are shorter than any other
rafters.
4. Principal rafters:
Inclined member of a truss
PITCHED ROOFS OR SLOPED ROOFS
• DEFINITIONS AND TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN PITCHED ROOFS
BATTENS:
THIN STRIPS OD WOOD WHICH ARE FIXED
ON THE RAFTERS OR CEILING TO SUPPORT
ROOF CEILING.
CLEATS:
THESE ARE THE SMALL BLOCKS OF WOOD
WHICH ARE FIXED ON THE TRUSSES TO
PREVENT THE SLIDING OF PURLINS.
DRAGON BEAM:
A DIAGONAL PIECES OF WOOD LAID
SPAN: ACROSS THE CORNER OF THE WALL TO
THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE INTERNAL SUPPORT LOWER END OF THE HIP
FACES OF THE WALLS OR SUPPORTS. RAFTER.
TEMPLATE: PITCH:
THE BEDDING BLOCK PROVIDED AT THE END OF A THE INCLINATION OF SIDES OF ROOF TO
TRUSS, TO HELP IN SPREADING THE LOAD OVER A THE HORIZONTAL PLANE.
LARGE AREA. IT MAY BE WOOD OR STONE OR R.C.C PURLINS:
THE WOODEN PIECES WHICH ARE PLACED
VERGE: HORIZONTALLY ON A PRINCIPAL RAFTERS
EDGE OF GABLE RUNNING BETWEEN THE EAVES AND TO CARRY COMMON RAFTERS.
RIDGE TRUSS:
WALL PLATES: THE FRAMEWORK DESIGNED TO SUPPORT
LONG WOODEN MEMBERS EMBEDDED ON WALL TO THE ROOF COVERINGS OR CEILING.
CLASSIFICATION OF PITCHED ROOF
• Single roof
• Double or Purlin roof
• Trussed roof
[Link] ROOFS:
• COMMON RAFTERS ARE PROVIDED TO EACH SLOPE WITHOUT ANY
INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT.
• FOLOWING ARE THE VARIETIES OF SINGE ROOFS:
1. Lean-to Roof
2. Couple roof
3. Couple close roof
4. Collar bean roof
5. Collar and scissors roof
A) SINGLE ROOFS:
1. Lean-to roof:
• Simplest form of pitched
roof, also known as Pent
roof or Aisle roof
• One wall is carried up
sufficiently higher than the
other one to give slope to
the roof.
• The rafters are suitably
secured on wall plates
• It is generally used for
sheds, out-houses,
verandah etc.
• Suitable for span 2.40M
A) SINGLE ROOFS:
2. Couple roof:
• The common rafters slope upwards from opposite walls and meet at the ridge
piece in the middle.
• The common rafters are firmly secured in position at both ends
• One end being on the ridge piece and the other end on the wall plate
• It has the tendency to spread out at the wall plate level and push out the walls
supporting wall plate, with force. Hence it is not favored mostly.
• It is suitable for span of 3.60m
A) SINGLE ROOFS:
3. Couple-close roof:
• Similar to couple roof, only difference is that the legs of common rafters are
connected by a tie beam.
• The tie beam prevents the tendency of spreading out towards supporting walls.
• Tie beam is also used as ceiling joist.
• It can spread upto a span of 4.20m
• For increased span or for greater loads , a central rod connecting the ridge piece
and tie beam can be provided, which is called as king rod or king bolt
A) SINGLE ROOFS:
4. Collar beam roof:
• It is a variation of couple close roof.
• The tie beam is raised and placed at higher level, such tie beam is defined as collar
beam.
• Collar beam is adopted to economize the space and increase the height of the
room.
• Collar beam is fixed at one –third to one- half of the vertical height from the wall to
ridge. The lower is the collar ,the stronger is the roof.
• It is adopted for span of 4.80m
A) SINGLE ROOFS:
5. Collar and scissors roof:
• Similar to collar beam roof, only difference is that two collar beams are crossing
each other to present an appearance of scissors.
• Maximum span of up to 4.80m.
B) DOUBLE OR PURLIN ROOF:
• When span exceeds 2.4 M , the necessary size of rafters becomes uneconomical.
• Hence, In order to reduce the size of the rafter, an intermediate support is
provided which is called Purlins, introduced under the rafters.
• So each rafter is supported at three points,
At the bottom,on the wall
At the top by ridge beam
At the centre by purlins
B) DOUBLE OR PURLIN ROOF:
•The effective span of rafter is nearly halved and hence it becomes much lighter
than it would be, if spanned the whole length from eaves to the ridge.
•It can be economically adopted for upto 4.80M
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
•When span exceeds 4.80M and when
there are no inside supporting walls or
partitions for the purlins , the framed
structure known as trusses are used.
• Spacing of the trusses are depends
upon the load on the roof, position of
cross-walls, span and material of the
truss.
•The spacing is generally 3M for
wooden trusses. The trusses carry the
ridge piece and purlins on which the
common rafters rest.
•The trusses span in the same direction
in which the common rafters run.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
• This system of roof consists of following three components,
Rafters to support the roofing material
Purlins to provide intermediate support to the rafters
Trusses to grant support to the ends of purlins
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
•Some of usual forms of roof trusses:
I. King-Post truss
II. Queen-post truss
III. Mansard truss
IV. Truncated truss
V. Bel-fast truss
VI. Steel truss
VII. Composite truss
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
I. KING-POST TRUSS:
• IN THIS TYPE OF TRUSS, THE CENTRAL POST, KNOWN AS KING-POST, FORMS SUPPORT FOR
THE TIE BEAM.
• THE INCLINED MEMBERS, KNOWN AS STRUTS, PREVENT THE PRINCIPAL RAFTERS FROM
BENDING IN THE MIDDLE.
• IT IS SUITABLE FOR SPAN VARYING FROM 5 M TO 8M.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
I. KING-POST TRUSS:
• SUITABLE JOINTS ARE PROVIDED
BETWEEN THE RAFTER AND THE BEAM.
BETWEEN THE PRINCIPAL RAFTER AND KING-POST.
BETWEEN THE KING-POST AND TIE BEAM AND AT THE END OF STRUTS.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
I. KING-POST TRUSS:
THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
OF KING POST TIMBER TRUSSES WITH AVERAGE LOADING .THE DIMENSIONS ARE BASED
ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE TIMBER TRUSSES ARE PLACED AT A CENTER TO CENTER
SPACING OF 3M
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
II. QUEEN-POST TRUSS:
• THIS TRUSS DIFFERS FROM KING-POST IN HAVING TWO VERTICAL MEMBERS, KNOW AS QUEEN
POSTS.
• THE UPPER ENDS OF THE QUEEN-POSTS ARE KEPT IN POSITION BY MEANS OF A HORIZONTAL
MEMBER, KNOWN AS STRAINING BEAM.
• A STRAINING SILL IS INTRODUCED ON THE TIE BEAM BETWEEN THE QUEEN-POSTS TO
COUNTERACT THE THRUST OF STRUTS.
• THE ADDITIONAL PURLINS ARE SUPPORTED ON THE QUEEN POSTS.
• A QUEEN-POST TRUSS IS SUITABLE FOR ROOF OF SPANS VARYING FROM 8M TO 12M.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
II. QUEEN-POST TRUSS:
• SUITABLE JOINTS SHOULD BE PROVIDED AT ALL CONNECTIONS OF QUEEN-POST TRUSS
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
II. QUEEN-POST TRUSS:
• MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF QUEEN-POST TRUSS WITH
AVERAGE [Link] DIMENSIONS ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE TIMBER
TRUSSES ARE PLACED AT A CENTRE TO CENTRE SPACING OF 3M
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
COMBINATION OF KING-POST AND QUEEN-POST TRUSSES:
• A CONVINIENT COMBINATION OF
THE KING-POST AND QUEEN-POST
TRUSS UPTO A SPAN OF 18 M.
• THE QUEEN-POST TRUSS IS
STRNGTHENED BY ONE MORE
UPRIGHT MEMBER, KNOWN AS
THE PRINCESS-POST,ON EITHER
SIDE.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
III. MANSARD TRUSS
• NAMED AFTER FRENCH ARCHITECT
FRANCOIS MANSARD (1598-1666).
• DESIGNED THIS TRUSS TO SATISFY THE
REQUIREMENTS OF MUNICIPAL LAWS.
• THE MANSARD TRUSS IS A TWO-STOREY
TRUSS WITH THE UPPER PORTION
CONSISTING OF KING-POST TRUSS AND
THE LOWER PORTION OF QUEEN-POST
TRUSS.
• IT IS THUS A COMBINATION OF KING-
POST AND QUEEN-POST.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
III. MANSARD TRUSS
THE MANSARD TRUSS HAS TWO PITCHES .
THE UPPER PITCH (KING-POST TRUSS) VARIES FROM 30* TO 40*ANGLE.
THE LOWER PITCH(QUEEN-POST TRUSS) VARIES FROM 60* TO 70* ANGLE.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
III. MANSARD TRUSS
• THE MANSARD TRUSS RESULTS IN ECONOMY OF SPACE AND A ROOM MAY BE PROVIDED
IN THE ROOF BETWEEN THE TWO QUEEN POSTS.
• THS TRUSS BECAME OBSOLETE BECAUSE OF ITS ODD AND UGLY APPEARANCE AND ALSO
DUE TO INTROCUTION OF STEEL TRUSSES.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
IV. TRUNCATED TRUSS
• SIMILAR TO MANSARD TRUSS , EXCEPT THAT THE TOP IS FINISHED FLAT WITH A GENTLE SLOPE
TO ONE SIDE.
C) TRUSSED ROOF:
V. BEL-FAST TRUSS
• THIS TRUSS IS IN THE FORM OF BOW.
• IT CONSISTS OF THIN SECTIONS OF TIMBER WITH ITS TOP CHORD CURVED.
• THIS TRUSS CAN BE USED FOR LONG SPANS OF ABOUT 30 M.
• LIGHT ROOF COVERING IS USED FOR THIS KIND OF ROOFING.
• THIS ROOF IS ALSO KNOWN AS LATTICED ROOF TRUSS OR LOW STRING TRUSS.