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Understanding DNA Testing Basics

DNA can be used for identification and determining relationships. It contains the blueprint for inheritance in organisms. DNA testing analyzes the sequences of nucleotides in a sample to determine a genetic profile for identification. Techniques like STR analysis of short tandem repeats are commonly used. DNA evidence has been pivotal in high-profile cases like identifying Anna Anderson or determining OJ Simpson's guilt. DNA databases now store profiles to solve cold cases.

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15 views30 pages

Understanding DNA Testing Basics

DNA can be used for identification and determining relationships. It contains the blueprint for inheritance in organisms. DNA testing analyzes the sequences of nucleotides in a sample to determine a genetic profile for identification. Techniques like STR analysis of short tandem repeats are commonly used. DNA evidence has been pivotal in high-profile cases like identifying Anna Anderson or determining OJ Simpson's guilt. DNA databases now store profiles to solve cold cases.

Uploaded by

Jefferson Orga
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DNA Testing

What is DNA?
• deoxyribonucleic acid
• complex molecule stored in the nucleus of the cell
• set up like a helical ladder with two long side pieces and rungs
composed of units nucleotides
• adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
are the 4 nucleotides (A, T, C, & G )
• exact sequence of these nucleotides
determines all physical characteristics of
an organism
What is RNA?
• Ribonucleic acid
• formed when DNA replicates or DNA transcription
• sometimes called messenger RNA or simply mRNA
• function to instruct the protein assembly factories as to
which proteins they are to create
DNA Testing
• also known as DNA profiling and genetic
fingerprinting
• plays a big part in forensic genetics, used to
confirm that a person was present at a certain
location, determine identity, and assign
paternity
DNA Profiling
• was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the
University of Leicester in England
• it uses a buccal swab or known as cheek-DNA; other bodily
fluids may be used like blood, saliva, semen or tissues from
personal items like toothbrush, razor, etc. or blood samples
from relatives can also be collected
• uses different techniques to create the individual’s DNA
profile
DNA Profiling
DNA Profiling
DNA Testing Techniques
Restriction
Fragment Length
Polymorphism or
RFLP analysis
DNA Testing Techniques

PCR Analysis or
Polymerase
Chain Reaction
used in the identification
of genetic fingerprints
PCR Analysis or such as paternity testing
Polymerase Chain and the detection and
diagnosis of infectious
Reaction diseases
DNA Testing Techniques

STR analysis or
Short Tandem
Repeats
DNA Testing Techniques

AmpFLP or
Amplified Fragment
Length
Polymorphism
DNA Family Relationship Analysis
• all cells forming the body contains the same DNA
• DNA of a person contains two copies of markers
( Paternal & Maternal )
• combination of markers sizes found in each person
makes up his/her own unique genetic profile
DNA Marker Mother Child Alleged Father
D21S11 28, 30 28, 31 29,31
D7S280 9, 10 10, 11 11, 12
TH01 14, 15 14, 16 15, 16
D13S317 7, 8 7, 9 8, 9
D19S433 14, 16 14, 15 15, 17
DNA Family Relationship Analysis
• results indicate that the child and the alleged father’s DNA match
among these five markers and one can draw a conclusion of whether
or not the man is the biological father
• each marker is assigned with a paternity index ( PI ), measures how
powerful a match at a particular marker
• PI is multiplied with each other to generate the combined paternity
index ( CPI ), indicates the overall probability of an individual
Y- chromosome Analysis
• paternally inherited
• can help in the
identification of
paternally related males
( father – son )
Mitochondrial Analysis
• maternally inherited
( mtDNA )
• useful in determining clear
identities, such as those of
missing people when a
maternally linked relative
can be found
DNA Databases
DNA Databases
High Profile DNA Cases

1950’s Anna
Anderson – Grand
Duchess Anastasia of
Russia
High Profile DNA Cases

1986 Richard
Buckland
High Profile DNA Cases

1994 O.J
Simpson
High Profile DNA Cases

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