YEAR 11 METHODS
CHAPTER 2
RADIAN MEASURE
PARTS OF A CIRCLE
PARTS OF A CIRCLE
ARC LENGTH
Arcs are part of the circumference of a circle.
The formula for arc length is
Where
ARC LENGTH
• EXAMPLE:
• Arc AB subtends an angle of 70⁰ at the centre of circle O and radius 6.4cm. Find the length of arc AB.
WORKING BACKWARDS TO FIND THE ANGLE AT THE
CENTRE.
• If we have the radius and the arc length, we are able to find the angle subtended at the centre.
Arc Length = x 2
23 =x 2
m
Arc length = 23 cm
5c
= 263.5˚
• We can use this angle to find area if necessary.
CHORDS
• These are straight lines connecting points on the circumference of a circle.
• We can use the cosine rule to find the length of the chord if we have the radii and the angle they
subtend at the centre.
FINDING THE LENGTH OF A CHORD
• Chord AB subtends an angle of 72⁰ at the centre of circle centre O and radius 50mm. Find the
length of chord AB. Give your answer to the nearest millimetre.
AREA OF A SECTOR
• These are parts of the area of a circle and are shaped like a slice of pie.
• The formula for the area of a sector is:
• where is the fraction of the whole circle and is the angle at point O.
AREA OF A SECTOR
• Find the area of the sector shown shaded in the diagram on the right. Round your answer to 1
decimal place.
AREA OF A SEGMENT
• These are parts of the area of a circle that are not shaped like a slice of pie.
FORMULA FOR THE AREA OF SEGMENTS
AREA OF SEGMENT = AREA OF SECTOR – AREA OF TRIANGLE
A(SEGMENT) =
=
EG:
2cm
Find the area of the shaded segment
O 120˚
A=˚
= 2.46
AREA OF A SEGMENT
• Find the area of the segment shown shaded in the diagram below.
ARCS, SECTORS AND SEGMENTS
• COMPLETE EXERCISE 2A
RADIANS
Another way of measuring angles, rather than by using degrees, is to use radians.
Radians are a ratio of arc length to radius OR RADIANS =
COMPARING RADIANS AND DEGREES.
• The diagram on the right shows that approximately 6.28 radians
is the same as 360°.
• On further investigation it has been found that the radius r fits around
the circumference EXACTLY 2 Times.
• Now one revolution is 360°, hence 360° = 2 radians.
• THEREFORE
CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIANS
• CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIANS.
Convert 20˚ to radians
If 180˚ =
then 1˚ =
so 20˚ =
=
CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIANS
• Convert (a) 60° (b) 100° (c) 225° to radians
• NOTE: WE TEND TO LEAVE ANSWERS IN TERMS OF AND IF THE DEGREES SYMBOL IS
NOT USED WE ASSUME THE ANGLE IS IN RADIANS.
CONVERTING RADIANS TO DEGREES
• Convert to degrees Convert 3to degrees:
Remembering that Remembering that
then =
then =3
so =
so 3=
540
CONVERTING RADIANS TO DEGREES
• Convert (a) radians (b) radians (c) 2.5 radians to degrees
Note for the above examples the exact answers have been given. If the conversion for part (c) was to be given rounded to
two decimal places then it would be written as 143.24°
• NOTE: WE TEND TO LEAVE ANSWERS IN TERMS OF AND IF THE DEGREES SYMBOL IS NOT
USED WE ASSUME THE ANGLE IS IN RADIANS.
SOME CONVERSIONS TO REMEMBER
•2
• Add these to your table
• of exact values as you
will need to remember
• them.
•
SOME CONVERSIONS TO REMEMBER
0° 30° () 45° () 60° () 90° ()
Sine 0 1
Cosine 1 0
Tangen 0 1 undefined
t
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND RADIANS
• If angles of triangles are given in radians instead of degrees
there is no need to change the radian measure of the angle into
degree measure before applying the trigonometric ratio.
• When using a calculator to evaluate a trigonometric ratio in
radians the calculator needs to be changed from working in
degree mode to working in radian mode.
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND RADIANS
• When using a calculator to evaluate a trigonometric
ratio in radians the calculator needs to be changed
from working in degree mode to working in radian mode.
O
R
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND RADIANS
• Evaluate each of the following to two decimal places:
(a) sin (b) cos (c) tan 2.3 (d) 2sin4cos3
• SOLUTION:
Make sure that your calculator is set to operate in radian mode.
(a) sin (b) cos = 0.81 (c) tan 2.3 = 1.12 (d) 2sin4cos3 = 1.50
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND RADIANS
RADIAN MEASURE
• DO EXERCISE 2B
LENGTH OF ARC USING CIRCULAR MEASURE
• When using degrees, our formula for the length of an arc is
• If radians is the size of the central angle and r the radius of the circle, then
• Rearranging the above equation we obtain Length of arc =
• EXAMPLE: find the length of the minor arc from A to B.
0.6
r=3cm
AREA OF SECTOR USING CIRCULAR MEASURE
• When using degrees, our formula for the area of a sector
• The area of sector AOB may be found by comparing the ratios of an
area of a sector and the angle it makes at the centre of the circle.
• So
= =
NOTE:
AREA OF SECTOR USING CIRCULAR MEASURE
• Find the area of the sector shown shaded in the diagram below.
AREA OF SEGMENT USING CIRCULAR
MEASURE
• Consider the segment ABC.
• The area of segment ABC can be found by subtracting the area of from the area of minor sector
AOC.
• Area of segment = area of minor sector AOC – Area of triangle AOC
= (r)(r)sin
=
AREA OF SEGMENT USING CIRCULAR
MEASURE
• Find the area of the segment shown shaded in the diagram below. Round your answer to one
decimal place.
HOW COULD WE FIND THE SHADED AREA HERE?
SOMETHING MORE DIFFICULT
• FIND THE LENGTH OF THE BELT BETWEEN
THESE WHEELS. The radius of the big wheel is 10 cm
and the radius of the small wheel is 2
cm and the wheels are 5 cm apart.
We will need to draw some triangles
using tangents, and work out angles
and side lengths.
B
C
10cm
17cm
A
B C We can find the length of BC using Pythagoras
And the angles using trig.
10cm
17cm Cos BAC =
A
Sin ACB = 0.63
= BC = 13.75 cm
B D
Similarly we can solve this triangle:
2 cm
13.75 cm = BD = 13.60 cm
C Cos BCD =
sin CBD =
B
D
Inserting our results into the
A C triangles, and then translating these
to our diagram (adding where
necessary) we get:
13.6 cm
2= 4.40 rad 0.94 x 2 = 0.63+ 1.42 2
1.88 rad =2.05
13.6 cm
13.6 cm
4.40 1.88
2.05 4.23
13.6 cm
Now we can find the arc lengths around the edges of the wheels.
The 2 straights are 13.6 cm each so the total length =
44 + 8.46 + 2 x 13.6 = 79.66 cm.
LENGTH OF ARC, AREA OF SECTOR AND AREA
OF SEGMENT USING CIRCULAR MEASURE
• DO EXERCISE 2C