Proposal Tesis TM 6

Introducing
Mixed-Method
Study
October 3, 2023
Rista Fauziningtyas, PhD.
Agenda
 Rationale for Mixed Methods Research

 Purposes

 Mixed Methods Designs

 Sampling and Data Collection

 Analyzing and Interpreting Data

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 Introduction

 One design research sometimes unable to answer the

research question.
 Needed combination for the design of study.
 Mixed Methods is a methodology that attempts to
breach the qualitative-quantitative divide by
integrating aspects of both approaches.

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Core characteristic of mixed
methods
 Involves the collection of both quantitative and
qualitative data

 Use of rigorous qualitative and quantitative methods

 Combination or integration of quantitative and

qualitative data using a specific type of mixed
methods design, and interpretation of this integration

 Sometimes, framing of the design within a philosophy

or theory

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 Example:
Exploring the Impact of a Nursing
Intervention Program on Patient
Outcomes in Palliative Care Settings.

Step 1: Quantitative
To quantify the measurable outcomes of
the nursing intervention program (Pain
level, satisfaction, QoL, etc)

Step 2: Qualitative
To explore the subjective experiences,
perceptions, and contextual factors
related to the nursing intervention
program
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History
 1980s
 sociologists resolve the
disagreement between the
qualitative and quantitative
paradigm by combining both into a
third way (Kuckartz, 2014)

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Advantages and Limitations of Qualitative
and Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research Quantitative

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

1. Detailed perspective of 1. Limited 1. Drawn conclusion for 1. Impersonal
a few respondent generalizability large number of 2. Does not records word of
2. Capture the voice of 2. Provides soft data respondent participants
participants 3. Studies few people 2. Analyzes data efficiently 3. Limited understanding of
3. Allow experiences to 4. Is highly objective 3. Investigates relationship the context of
be understood 5. Minimize use of within data participants
4. Based on participants researcher’s expertise 4. Examines causes and 4. Largely research driven
view not researcher due to reliance on effect
participants 5. Controls bias

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Purposes
1. Comprehensive Understanding
2. Triangulation
3. Sequential Exploration
4. Theory Development and Testing
5. Enhanced Validity
6. Practical Utility
7. Complexity and Multifaceted Phenomena
8. Policy and Program Evaluation

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 WHAT MIXED METHODS IS
NOT ??
1. Integration Emphasis

2. Involves specific scientific techniques associated

with the methodology

3. Distinct from Mixed Model Approach

4. Not Solely an Evaluation Technique

5. Not Just Adding Data Types

6. More Than Multiple Data Forms

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 The basic mixed methods designs:
1. A convergent parallel mixed method
design

 Collects both quantitative and qualitative data

 analyzes them separately
 compares the results to see if the findings confirm or
disconfirm each other
 both qualitative and quantitative data provide
different types of information—and together the
results should be the same.

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Example:
Enhancing Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Care: A
Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Study in a Hospital
Setting
 Quantitative Phase:
Objective: To measure patient satisfaction quantitatively.
 Qualitative Phase:
Objective: To explore the subjective experiences and
perceptions of patients and healthcare providers.

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2. An explanatory sequential design

 first use quantitative methods and

then use qualitative methods to help
explain the quantitative results in
more depth.

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 3. An exploratory sequential design
1. Qualitative exploration when questions are unclear, the
population is understudied, or the site is challenging to
access.

2. Qualitative findings inform the design of a subsequent

quantitative phase.

3. Involves designing instruments, interventions, or

typologies based on qualitative insights.

4. Quantitative data collection and analysis are conducted

using the developed instruments or interventions.

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 The advanced mixed methods designs:
1. Intervention designs : embedding the qualitative data
within an experimental trial

• Employ convergent, explanatory, or exploratory

designs within a larger experimental framework.

• Qualitative data is collected at various phases of

the experiment (before, during, or after the trial).

• Integration involves embedding qualitative data

within the context of an experimental trial.

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 2. Social justice or transformative
designs

• Include a social justice framework within

convergent, explanatory, or exploratory
designs.

• The social justice concept becomes a

constant focus, aiming to improve lives in
society.

• Integration involves threading the social

justice framework throughout the study.

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 3. Multiphase evaluation designs

 Longitudinal studies with a sustained line of inquiry.

 Use multiple mixed methods studies (and separate

quantitative and qualitative studies).

 Employ convergent, explanatory, or exploratory designs.

 Example: Evaluation of the design, piloting, and

implementation of a program in a community.

 Involves various stages: needs assessment, conceptual

framework, program testing, and follow-up.

 Integration occurs by expanding findings from one stage

into subsequent stages over time.
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STEPS IN DESIGNING A
MIXED METHODS STUDY
 Drafting a working title for the project  Defining mixed methods
 Identifying the problem or issue underlying  Choosing a mixed methods design
the need for the study  Drawing a figure of your design
 Indicating the intent or general question to
 Considering methodological and validity issues in
be answered
your study
 Specifying the types of data collection and  Writing a mixed methods study aim or purpose
analysis to be used
 Adding research questions (quantitative,
 Identifying reasons for using mixed methods
qualitative, and mixed) that match your design
in your project
 Considering the inclusion of a worldview
discussion and a theory discussion

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 Sampling issues
• The use of rigorous procedures in both qualitative and quantitative strands
• The sample size

Tips and trick:

1) Quantitative sampling: use a formula to determine the desired sample size. Conduct a power analysis when
carrying out experiments.
2) Qualitative sampling: purposefully select participants who can best help you understand the central
phenomenon that you are exploring.

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Sampling Mixed-Method
Convergent Design Explanatory Sequential Exploratory Sequential
Design Design

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Sampling Mixed-Method
Intervention Design Social justice or transformative designs

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 Analyzing and Interpreting Data in Mixed Method
Study
• Data Segregation
• Initially, segregate quantitative and qualitative data for individual analysis.
• Apply appropriate techniques for each data type—statistical analysis for quantitative and thematic/content analysis for
qualitative.
• Individual Analysis
• Conduct separate analyses for quantitative and qualitative components.
• Employ statistical tools, such as SPSS, for quantitative data, and thematic coding for qualitative data.
• Comparison and Correlation
• Explore patterns, correlations, or divergences between quantitative and qualitative findings.
• Identify converging or diverging trends that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the research problem.
• Integration Strategies
• Utilize integration strategies like data transformation, joint displays, or narrative techniques.
• Seek convergence, complementarity, or expansion in interpreting the overall study findings.

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 Analyzing and Interpreting Data in
Mixed Method Study (2)
• Triangulation
• Use triangulation to validate or corroborate results by comparing findings from different data sources or methods.
• Enhance the robustness and credibility of the overall study
• Identifying Patterns and Relationships
• Identify patterns or relationships that emerge when combining quantitative and qualitative insights.
• Examine how qualitative data enriches or explains quantitative findings and vice versa.
• Contextual Understanding
• Understand the context surrounding both types of data to provide a holistic interpretation.
• Acknowledge the interplay between quantitative measures and qualitative nuances.
• Theoretical Integration
• Consider theoretical frameworks to guide the integration of findings.
• Align mixed methods results with existing theories or propose new theoretical frameworks.

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 Analyzing and Interpreting Data in
Mixed Method Study (3)
• Refinement of Hypotheses
• Refine or develop hypotheses based on the interplay between quantitative and qualitative evidence.
• Explore deeper meanings or variations within the data.
• Thematic Synthesis
• Engage in thematic synthesis to derive overarching themes from both types of data.
• Offer a cohesive narrative that encapsulates the essence of the mixed method study.

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 References
 Boswell, C., and Cannon, S. (2017). Introduction to
Nursing Research Incorporating Evidence- Based Practice
(Fifth Edit). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

 Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative,

quantitative, and mixed method. In Research design
Qualitative quantitative and mixed methods approaches
(Fourth Edi). Sage Publication, Inc.
[Link]

 Creswell, J. W. (2015). A Concise Introduction to Mixed

Method Research. Sage Publication, Inc

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“No research without
action, no action
without research”

Kurt Lewin
THANK YOU
.

ristafauzinigtyas@[Link]

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