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Understanding Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. There are several types of redox reactions including direct combination, decomposition, single displacement, and combustion. Redox reactions can be identified by determining the change in oxidation number of elements between reactants and products and identifying the oxidized and reduced substances. Common oxidation numbers of elements are specified when the element is in a compound. The sum of oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion equals the ion's charge.

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15 views15 pages

Understanding Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. There are several types of redox reactions including direct combination, decomposition, single displacement, and combustion. Redox reactions can be identified by determining the change in oxidation number of elements between reactants and products and identifying the oxidized and reduced substances. Common oxidation numbers of elements are specified when the element is in a compound. The sum of oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion equals the ion's charge.

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Justin Menoras
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© All Rights Reserved
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OXIDATION-

REDUCTION
REACTION
(REDOX)
(refers change of oxidation number of the element in a chemical reaction)
(transfer of electron/s)
Types of REDOX reactions:
• Direct combination or synthesis : A + B  AB
• Decomposition or analysis: AB + Δ  A + B
• Single displacement or replacement or substitution : A + CB  AB + C
• Combustion: A + O 2  CO 2 + H2O
• Complicated redox equation :
reactants side; 3 or more substances  products side; 3 or more substances
KMn O4 + K 2 C 2 O4 + H 2 S O4  MnS O4 + K2 S O4 + C O2 + H2O

Double displacement reaction: AB + CD  AD + CB


is not a redox reaction: (substances in the equation does not change in oxidation number)
+1 -1 +1 +5 -2 +1 +5 -2 +1 -1
example: Ag Cl + NaNO3  AgNO3 + NaCl
solving for N: +1 + X + (-2x3) = 0 2
OXIDATION REDUCTION

Oxidation number increase Oxidation number decrease

Lose of electron/s Gain of electron/s


Oxidized substance/element Reduced substance/element
Reducing agent/reducer Oxidizing agent/oxidizer
(oxidized) (reactants) (reduced) (reactants)
Metals are generally reducing Many nonmetals are good
agents oxidizing agents

OIL RDG
3
Redox Reaction:
• Assigned oxidation numbers of each element in the chemical
equation.
• Determine the change in oxidation number of elements.
• Identify the substance oxidized; substance reduced; no. of
electrons lost; no. of electrons gain; oxidizing agent; reducing
agent.

4
COMMON
OXIDATION NUMBER OF
AN ATOM
Oxidation number
• For FREE ATOM = 0 charge
Example: Fe , K, Na, Mn, Zn, C

• For diatomic molecule = 0 charge


like : H 2 , Cl 2 , F 2 , I 2 , Br 2 , O 2 , N 2
OXIDATION
NUMBER
OF COMMON
ELEMENTS
(when it is in a compound)
Hg & Cu 1+& 2+
Grp IA 1+
Grp IIA 2+ Au 1+ & 3+
Grp IIIA 3+ Grp VIIA 1-
(for binary
compound)
Zn 2+
H (combine with 1-
Ag & H 1+ metals)

S (for binary 2-
compound)
Fe, Cr, 2 & 3
+ +

Mn, Co
O (note: oxygen is
always 2-)

Sn & Pb 2+ & 4 +
N, P (for binary 3-
compound) 9
DETERMINATION OF
OXIDATION NUMBER
OF THE ELEMENTS IN A
COMPOUND
TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
• Binary compounds
compounds containing 2 atoms

• Ternary compounds
compounds containing more than 2 atoms

11
A) Binary compounds
containing 2 atoms: (total charge is equal to zero,0)
(recall the criss cross rule)
+2 -1

• BaCl2: Ba2+; Cl 1- (BaCl2)


+1 -2

• Na2S : Na1+; S 2- (Na2S)


+2 -2

• MgO : Mg2+; O 2- (MgO)

+4 -2

• PbO2: Pb +4 ; O -2 (PbO2) 12
B) Ternary compounds
containing more than 2 atoms:
• The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of each atom in the given chemical
formula of a compound is equal to zero, (0)
example:
2+ X 2-
Ca3 (P O4)2

2x3+2X + (-2x4x2) = 0
6 + 2X + (-16) = 0
X = +5
13
C) Polyatomic Ions:
Ion – refers to a charged element. (either positive or negative)

The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of each atoms in a polyatomic ion
must be equal to the charge of the ion:

X 2-
(SO 4 ) 2-
X+(-2x4) = -2
X = +6
References
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erve-after-keeping-the-iron-nails-dipped-in-copper-sulphate-solution-for-about-30-minutes

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