Communication Medias & Protocols

RTTC NAGPUR

What is Telecom ?
Telecommunication

is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication.
is the technology of information over a distance. transferring

It

Information
Information

can be of several type: Audio Telephone Text -Telegraph , email, SMS Pictures Picture attachments Video Clipping over internet Data ATM to bank. The same telecom technology / service cannot communicate all the types of information.

 Important

Network elements in Telecom Customer premises equipment. Access Network Transmission Switching Computerization

Communication Fixed Lines

Telephone Exchanges

Communication - Mobile

The Medium
Copper

Coaxial Microwave OFC Backbone & access Satellite DWDM systems PON

Telecom Network Alternatives

A telecom network model

A telecom network model

Consists

of five basic components Terminals Any input/output device that uses telecommunication networks to transmit or receive data Telecommunication processors Support data transmission and reception between terminals and computers

A telecom network model

Telecommunications channels The medium over which data are transmitted and received Computers Interconnected by telecommunications networks

A telecom network model

Telecommunications control software Control telecommunications activities and manage the functions of telecommunications networks

Types of telecom network

Wide Area Networks (WAN) Cover a large geographic area. Local Area Networks (LAN) Connect computers and other information processing devices within a limited physical area. Connected via ordinary telephone wiring, coaxial cable, or wireless radio & infrared systems

Types of telecom network

Virtual Private Networks A secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network, but relies on fire walls and other security features

Transition to NGN: Third wave

From an Analog Signal to PCM Digital coded Signal

 Data

communication: The process of sending data between two devices via some transmission medium.

Data

communication is said to be local if the communicating devices are in the same building Data communication is considered remote if the devices are farther apart.

Components of Data Communication System

The

data communication system is made up of five components

Protocols
A common language that both Sender and Receiver agree upon and communicate. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.

Protocols

Signals
Signals

are electric or electromagnetic representations of data.

are propagated from one point to another by means of electrical signals.

Data

Signals
Signaling

is the physical propagation of the signal along a suitable medium. Both data and the signals may be either Analog or Digital. An analog data is a continuous wave (human voice) Digital data is data stored in the form of 0 and 1.

Types of Transmission

Asynchronous Transmission
Transmits

the characters one at a time, with start bit (0) & stop bits (1 s) at the end of each byte. There may be a gap between bytes. Asynchronous transmission is very slow. The advantage of asynchronous transmission is that it is simple and inexpensive.

Synchronous Transmission
The

entire message is sent in an even

flow. The bits are sent one after another without start/stop bits or gaps. The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and group them in eight bit units. Synchronization is maintained by a clock signal on a separate wire or modulated on the data signal.

Transmission Media
The

medium which carries the signal from the sender to the receiver.

Communication Channel Transmission

Point to Point

Point to Multi Point

Modes of Transmission

Interfaces
The interfaces has 4 characteristics Mechanical characteristics The physical Characteristics pertain to the physical connection (Physical Appearance)

ADR - Benefits
The interfaces has 4 characteristics Electrical characteristics Deals with the voltage levels and timing of the voltage changes. These characteristic determine the data rate and distances that the data can reach.

 Functional

characteristics Specify the functions that are performed by each of the interface

 Procedural

characteristics specify the sequence of events for transmitting data. some times known as logical interface which defines how the signal should be interpreted

TCP / IP
TCP/IP

is a set of protocols that enable communication between computers over the network. Group of multiple protocols work together, collectively known as a protocol suite or protocol stack. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite

TCP / IP
The

TCP/IP protocol suite is so named after two of its most important protocols:

Transmission

Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP)

TCP / IP
The

main design goal of TCP/IP was to build: An interconnection of networks, referred to as an internetwork, or internet, Providing universal communication services over heterogeneous physical networks.

Internet Protocol

IP -is responsible for :Moving packet of data from node to node. IP forwards each packet based on a four-byte destination address (the IP number).

Transmission Control Protocol

The

TCP protocol describes the host-to-host communication. TCP explains how two hosts can set up communication and how they can stay in touch with each other as data is being transferred.

Transmission Control Protocol

TCP -is mainly responsible for :
Data

Concurrency Packet Sequencing Delivery guarantee Error control Retransmission

Layers of TCP / IP

Application Layer

The application layer is provided by the program that uses TCP/IP for communication. An application is a user process cooperating with another process usually on a different host. Examples of applications include Telnet and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The interface between the application and transport layers is defined by port numbers and sockets,

Transport Layer

The transport layer provides the end-to-end data transfer by delivering data from an application to its remote peer. Multiple applications can be supported simultaneously. Provides connection-oriented reliable data delivery service and connectionless, unreliable, best-effort service.

For Your Information (FYI)

Integrated

Services Digital Network

(ISDN) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Serial Line IP (SLIP) Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Request for Comments (RFC) the Internet Society (ISOC) The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

 Synchronous

Optical Network (SONET) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Ethernet and IEEE 802 LANs

Two

frame formats (or standards) can be used on the Ethernet coaxial cable: The standard issued in 1978 by Xerox Corporation, Intel Corporation, and Digital Equipment Corporation, usually called Ethernet (or DIX Ethernet) The international IEEE 802.3 standard, a more recently defined standard

Internetwork Layer

The internetwork layer, also called the internet layer or the network layer. Provides the "virtual network" image of an internet. Provides a routing function that attempts to deliver transmitted messages to their destination.

Network Interface Layer

The network interface layer, also called the link layer or the data-link layer, is the interface to the actual network hardware. This interface may or may not provide reliable delivery, and may be packet or stream oriented.

Protocols in different Layers

Configuration: PC-to-PC

SPP is a measure of a projects capital recovery, not profitability.

DATA TRANSMISSION
(a)

Parallel Transmission. (b) Serial Transmission.

Parallel Transmission
In

this method, all bits of encoded character are transmitted simultaneously which means that each bit of the code is having a dedicated channel

Serial Transmission
It

is the most commonly used method of communication. In this method, bits of the encoded character are transmitted one after the other along one channel serial bit by bit as well as character by character

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

A

networked of interconnected computers, which exists within a limited geographical area, such as a room, a building or a campus, is termed as a Local Area Network.

 Few

characteristics of LAN are as below: Speed 4, 10, 16 up to 100MBPS Distance Few KMs (Typically 1.5KMs) Requires dedicated local wiring (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM) Shared access to medium

LAN TOPOLOGY
Common

LAN topologies are Bus, Ring

and Star

IP: Direct and indirect routes

Figure

shows an example of direct and indirect routes. Here, host C has a direct route to hosts B and D, and an indirect route to host A via gateway B