Construction Engineering &
Management (PC 401 CE)
Suggested Readings:
1. Robert L. Peurifoy and William B. Ledbetter, Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods,
McGraw-Hill International Editions, New Delhi, 1985
2. Frank Harris and Ronald McCaffer, Modern Construction Management. Wiley-Blackwell, 2001.
3. Mahesh Varma, Construction Equipment and Its Planning and Application, Metropolitan Book
Company Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 1994.
4. H.N. Ahuja, Construction Performance Control by Networks, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.
UNIT I
• Introduction: Introduction to Construction projects objectives and lifecycle, existing construction practices &project
management systems, Project scale, Project Team, organization, roles, responsibilities, Management Ethics (human
aspects) in construction projects, Labor welfare, applicable labor legislations.
UNIT II
• Construction Management through Network Theory: Definitions and different types of Event, activity, dummy,
Network rules, Network event numbering (Fulkerson Rule), Hierarchies of complex network, work break down
structure, Liner Scheduling methods - bar charts, milestone charts, LOB, their limitations, difference between PERT
and CPM, network based scheduling techniques - PERT, CPM, AON and AOA in construction management- Numerical
Problems.
UNIT III
• Cost & Resource Optimization Techniques: Cost Model - Direct and Indirect Cost component of Project, Cost Slope,
Project Cost-Time analysis and optimization. Resource usage profile, Histograms, Project up dating, Introduction to
Project management software
UNIT IV
• Project Monitoring & Control - Safety, Health and Environment on project sites, accidents their causes, effects and
preventive measures, costs of accidents, occupational health problems in construction, basics of modern project
management systems such as lean construction, use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in project
management
UNIT V
• Linear programming and optimization in construction: Introduction to optimization Linear programming, Importance
of optimization in construction, Simple problems on formulation of LP, Graphical method, Simplex method, Case
studies
UNIT – I Contents
Introduction to the course
Introduction to Construction projects, Objectives of planning, Lifecycle/ stages of
Construction Projects
Sequence of events in general construction projects
Project management systems Project scale, Project Team, organization
roles, responsibilities, Management Ethics (human aspects) in construction projects
Labor welfare, applicable labor legislations.
Significance of Construction Management
• Under Developed to Developing country through major infra-projects such as multipurpose
river valley projects, industrial development projects, NHDP projects, Irrigation Canal
projects, Railway Projects, Port development projects etc.,
• On an average about 50% of the total expenditure of our 5year plans is invested in
construction works
• Construction is an everlasting activity across the globe
• Every sector of our economy involves construction activities
• Construction is a major economic activity in India (7% GDP) and playing important role in the
development of the country
Significance of Construction Management
• Construction industry: Provides employment on large scale (31.5million manpower
in 2005)
• If construction project schedules are not maintained, the cost increases
• Use of machine and equipments in construction industry increases the quality of
construction
• The art of construction has slowly developed as a science through ages. In our
country, building construction in rural and semi-urban areas is more or less an art
Significance of Construction Management
• India is still developing country (scope for construction)
• Labor, Capital, Machinery and Raw materials can never become production
without catalyst of management
• To ensure that huge resources invested in construction industry deployed
efficiently for the benefit of society it needs construction management
professionals
What is Management?
Act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals
and objectives using available resources Efficiently and Effectively
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT?
Construction management or construction project
management (CPM) is the overall Planning, Coordination, and
Control of a project from Inception to Completion aimed at
meeting a client’s requirements in order to produce a functionally
and financially viable project.
Objectives of Construction Management
The main objectives of construction management are
1. Completing the work within estimated budget and specified time
2. Evolving a reputation for high quality workmanship
3. Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions for all personnel and workers
4. Taking sound decisions at the lowest practical management level through
delegation of authority
5. Motivating people to give of their best within their capacities
6. Creating an organization that works as a team
Objectives of planning
Planning comprises defining objectives of the project, sequence of works, construction methods, planning
of resources, preparing estimation, and durations for various activities to bring about the satisfactory
completion of project
Planning is the process of devising of a workable scheme of operations that, when put into action, will
accomplish an established objective.
The most time-consuming and difficult aspect of the job management system—planning—is also the most
important. It requires an intimate knowledge of construction methods combined with the ability to
visualize discrete work elements and to establish their mutual interdependencies.
If planning were to be the only job analysis made, the time would be well spent. CPM planning involves a
depth and thoroughness of study that gives the construction team an invaluable understanding and
appreciation of job requirements.
Life cycle of construction projects
Stages in Construction
1. Briefing stage
2. Designing/planning stage
3. Tendering stage
4. Construction stage
5. Commissioning stage
Sequence of events in general construction projects
1. Clearing of the Ground
2. Site Layout and Staking
3. Excavation
4. Compacting & Laying of PCC
5. Foundation Rebar and Column Starter Bar
6. Concreting of Foundations and Column Rebar Installation
7. Concreting of Column & Bitumen Paint Applications
8. Setting Up Perimeter Blocks
9. Backfilling and Compacting
10. Tie Beam Reinforcement, Grade Slab, and Concreting
11. Rebar Works and Concreting of Columns
12. Beam and Slab Works
What are the Functions of Construction Management?
Planning and scheduling
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Controlling
Co-ordinating
Functions of Construction Management
1. Planning and scheduling
Planning involves formulation of a number of alternative realistic work plan for achieving
specified objectives and finally selecting a plan which is best suited from the stand-
point of available resources and constraints imposed upon the project. It essentially
covers the aspects of “what to do” and “how to do it”.
Scheduling is the fitting of the final work plan to a time scale. It shows the duration and
order of various construction activities. It deals with the aspect of “when to do it”.
Functions of Construction Management
2. Organizing
Organizing is concerned with
• Division of the total construction work into manageable departments/sections
• Systematically arranging various operations by delegating specific tasks to
individuals
• The relationship between various personnel are established
• The organizational structure of the project is depicted by a flow chart.
Organization chart of a QA/QC Dept.
QA/QC Manager
QA/QC QA/QC
[Link] [Link]
package-1 package-2
QA/QC Engineer- QA/QC Engineer- QA/QC Engineer- QA/QC Engineer-
Structures Roads Roads Structures
Technician1 Technician4 Technician1 Technician4
Technician2 Technician5 Technician2 Technician5
Technician3 Technician6 Technician3 Technician6
Functions of construction management
3. Staffing
Organising involves the division of project work into sections and
staffing is provision of people to fill the positions so created
Staffing functions include
1. Recruiting the right people
2. Arranging staff training courses
3. Carryout proper staff assessment
Functions of construction management
4. Directing
• The directing function is concerned with training subordinates to carryout
assigned tasks, supervising their work and guiding their efforts.
• The essence of directing lies in the ability to motivate people individually and as
groups to utilize their creative efforts in achieving specified objectives
Functions of Construction Management
5. Controlling
• Controlling is necessary for ensuring effective and efficient working
• It involves a constant review of the work plan to check on actual achievements and to
discover and rectify deviations through appropriate corrective measures.
• The essentials in management control are
• Actual performance measurement (Progress, quality, cost)
• Comparison of actual and planned performance
• Analysis of shortfall in performance, identification and implementation of suitable remedial
measures
• Quick and accurate flow of information is a vital aspect
Functions of Construction Management
6. Coordinating
• Since authority converges to the top of the organizational pyramid, it is necessary to
bring together and coordinate the work of various departments and sections
• It requires an efficient system of communication so that each department and section is
aware of its role and the assistance to be expected from others
• Regular meetings of departmental heads with top management are fundamental to
proper coordination
• Plans, problems and remedies are discussed for determining best solution
Stages of Construction planning
Planning for CONSTRUCTION may be done in the following two stages
1. Pre-tender planning
2. Post-tender or Contract planning
Pre-tender planning-steps
1. Examining drawings and specifications
2. Site investigation and market survey
3. Identify alternate methods, select best method
4. Estimation of quantities and duration
5. Preparation of tentative construction schedule
6. Deciding the overheads, margin and finalizing the tender price
Post-tender planning or Contract planning- steps
1. Establishing a good communication system
2. Evaluating alternative construction methods identified during pre-tender stage
3. Studying interrelationships of various items of work and finalisation of proper
sequence of operation
4. Calculating the phased requirement of construction materials
5. Determining the phased requirement of plant and machinery
6. Preparing details of manpower requirement
Scheduling
1. Construction schedule
2. Labor schedule
3. Material schedule
4. Equipment schedule
5. Finance schedule
Construction schedule
Project Name:
Location:
Approved Cost Estimate (ACE):
Month-1 Month-2 Month-3
Total
[Link]. Item of Work Units Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4
Quantity
E A E A E A E A
1 Excavation 100000 cu.m
2 Foundation concrete 25000 cu.m
3
4
E:Estimated Progress
A:Actual Progress
Project management systems
• A project management system provides a structure for project managers to oversee the work for which
they're responsible. A project management system provides organization and can help a project manager
be more efficient with their time and resource allocation
• A project management system is a means of managing a project by planning, organizing, and managing its
different required aspects. Depending on the sophistication of the project management system, it can
include:
• Estimation activities
• Scheduling
• Cost control and budget management
• Procurement and Resource allocation
• Quality management
• Risk management
• Change control
• Decision-making managing and communication pipeline
Project management systems fall into two very broad categories:
• General software applications (MS-Office) and
• Project management software applications (MS-Project, Primavera, etc.)
Types of Construction
• Light Construction
• Buildings and light structures
• Residential houses, shopping centers, schools, water tanks, culverts, small bridges
• Heavy Construction
• Heavy plant &Equipments used
• Work scope will be large
• Multi span bridges, tunnels, dams, barrages, highways, railways, airports, harbors
• Industrial construction
• Special technology, plant & equipment used
• Chemical & fertilizer plants, steel plants, petroleum refineries, atomic /thermal power
plants, automobile & Aircraft industry
Scale of production
The scale of production indicates to
• The aspects/resources used
• The quantities of commodities produced and
• The techniques of production adopted
Production may be carried on a small scale or on a large scale
Small scale production: When a concern functions by using less capital and small
quantities of other aspects of production, the scale of production is said to be small
Large scale Production: A firm using more capital and larger quantities of other
aspects is said to be operating on a large scale
Advantages of Large scale production
1. Efficient use of capital equipment: There is large scope for use of machinery, which results in lower
costs. A Large producer can install an up-to- date and expensive machinery. He can also have own
repairing unit. Specialized in machinery can be employed for each job. The result is that production is
very economical. large Producer can work it continuously and reap resulting economies
2. Using of specialized labor: Specialized labor produce a large output and of better quality. It is only in a
large business organization that every person can be put on the job that he can best perform.
3. Better utilization of special in management: The use of capable manager's time in an enlarged scale
production. His assistance and specialized may be used in a large-scale production where his ability is
more fruitful.
4. Economies of buying and selling: While purchasing raw material and other accessories, a big business
can secure especially favourable term on account of its large custom. He can attract customer by
offering a greater variety and by ensuring prompt execution of the orders, placed with it when he is
selling a product.
Advantages of Large scale production
5. Economy in rent: If a factory made to produce large Quantity of goods, the same amount of rent is
divided over a large output
6. Experiment and research: A large concern can afford to spend liberally on research and
experiments. Successful research may lead to the discovery of cheaper process
7. Advertisement and salesman ship: A big concern can spend large amount of money on
advertisement and salesmanship. Money spent on advertisement per unit comes to a low figure
when production is on large scale
8. Utilization of by-products: A big producer will not have to throw away any of it's by products or
waste products. It will be able to make an economical use of them
9. Meeting adversity: A big business can show better resistance in times of adversity. It has much
better recourses. Losses can easily bear.
10. Cheap credit: A large business can secure credit facilities at cheap rate. Its credit in the money
market is high and banks are willing to give advance. Low cost of credit reduces cost of production.
Try to identify profession of these individuals…..
Construction team
• Owner
• Individual or group of individuals, private or public undertaking
• Ultimate authority with major decision making power
• Controls resources
• Approves changes if any in scope/schedule
• Eg. PWD, NHAI, Indian Army,
• Engineers and Architects
• Civil, mechanical, electrical, Architects, specialists/consultants
• Design, Supervision, Project management consultants
• Contractor
• With a team of planning engineers, site engineers, surveyors, suppliers,
subcontractors
Organization
• An organization is a collection of people working together in a
coordinated and structured fashion to achieve one or more goals
Project Manager-Role
Project Manager-Role
• A project’s execution is planned and controlled by the project manager.
• The project manager is assigned by the Agency, i.e., the Agency’s
executive management.
• The project manager must have adequate authority to exercise the
responsibility of forming and managing a team for support of the project.
• The project manager must have prior experience managing similar
projects in the past.
• If an Agency cannot commit such an individual with adequate time and
resources, the Agency is well advised to outsource project management
services for management of the project
Management Ethics (human aspects) in
construction projects
• Management Ethics (human aspects) in construction projects
Four primary ethical business practices to build quality
performance in construction industry
• Honesty (Honesty practices are a dimension for ensuring quality
performance as within any industry including construction)
• Responsibility
• Accountability
• Transparency
Management Ethics
• When conducting business in the Construction Industry, whether in the office,
at a construction site or elsewhere— the concerned should, in their dealings
with each other, observe conduct that would be in the interest of a healthy
industry that delivers value to clients and society
• One must Behave lawfully and honestly in all dealings pertaining to their work;
• Must respect the requirements set forth in the respective Codes of Ethics; and
• Immediately report concerns of unethical or unlawful behavior by Council
employees, industry professionals or members of the public to the Council or
the Anti-Corruption Bureau(ACB).
• The codes of ethics were therefore developed as a tool to safeguard discipline,
professionalism and the ethical culture within the industry
Fundamental Principles of the Codes of Ethics for
Contractors and Consultants
• The overall fundamental principle states that “Contractors and Consultants
shall conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so
as to enhance the honour, reputation and usefulness of their services.”
Specifically, Contractors and Consultants are expected to:
• Give utmost consideration to the safety, health and welfare of their workmen and
the general public;
• Perform services in areas of their competence;
• Build their reputation on the merit of their services and not compete unfairly with
others;
• Act for each employer or clients as faithful agents or trustees; and
• At all times refrain from corrupt practices and avoid deceptive acts.
unethical practices
• It has been observed that the overall construction industry resorts to
ethical standards that are poor (Moodley et al., 2008). According to
this study some of the very common unethical practices adopted
within the industry are corruption, compromising on health and
safety requirements and resulting in environmental degradation
• In most developing nations, the construction industry is plagued by
unethical practices comprising of dishonesty, bribery, fraud,
negligence, conflicts and bidding issues (Love et al., 2011)
Labor welfare, applicable labor legislations
1. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
2. Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996
3. Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957
4. Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948
5. Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act, 1963
6. Personal Injuries (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1962
7. Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008
8. Apprentices Act, 1961
9. Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959
10. Employee’s Compensation Act, 1923
11. Contract labor (Regulation & abolition) act, 1970
12. Employees State Insurance Act, 1948
13. Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provision Act, 1952
14. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
15. Employer’s Liability Act, 1938
16. Fatal Accidents Act, 1855
17. Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979
Workmen compensation act -1923 (amended 2009)
• Provisions:
• Payment of compensation to workmen for injury by accident sustained during
the course of employment
• It covers workers employed in hazardous jobs
• It does not include clerical and administrative staff
• No compensation if injuries are due to
• Negligence of a worker by willful disobedience of safety and security
regulations
• Non-observance of safety measures and not using safety guards
• Influence of liquor or drugs
• Diseases which are not caused as result of working on the job
Workmen compensation act -1923 (amended 2009)
• Amount of compensation depends on
• Age of workmen
• Type of injury and disablement
• Percent loss of earning capacity
• Medical examination
• With in 3days of injury
• No compensation if workmen refuses medical examination
• If workmen dies without medical examination, dependents can claim compensation
• Appointment of commissioners
• For resolving disputes arising out of claims
• Payments are made through commissioner
Contract labor (Regulation & abolition) act, 1970
Object:
• Regulating the employment of contract labor in certain establishments
• Abolition of contract labor under certain circumstances
Applicable to:
• Establishments with 20+ workmen
Not applicable to:
• Establishments with casual or intermittent nature of work
Provisions:
• Constitution of central advisory board
Chairman, chief labor commissioner & members (total 11 to 17)
• Registration of establishments
• Licensing of contractors
• Welfare and health of contract labor
Rest rooms, water + sanitation, first aid box, washing facilities
• Responsibility for payment of wages