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CPU Structure and Function Overview

The CPU contains a control unit, registers, and an ALU. The control unit coordinates operations between components and increments the program counter. The registers include an instruction register that holds instructions and an accumulator that stores operation results. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations. A bus system connects components using data, address, and control buses. Main memory includes volatile RAM and non-volatile ROM that store instructions and data. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM while ROM types include PROM and EPROM. Additional memory components include CMOS for system data and cache for frequently accessed data and instructions.

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16 views15 pages

CPU Structure and Function Overview

The CPU contains a control unit, registers, and an ALU. The control unit coordinates operations between components and increments the program counter. The registers include an instruction register that holds instructions and an accumulator that stores operation results. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations. A bus system connects components using data, address, and control buses. Main memory includes volatile RAM and non-volatile ROM that store instructions and data. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM while ROM types include PROM and EPROM. Additional memory components include CMOS for system data and cache for frequently accessed data and instructions.

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F.4 Computer and Info.

Tech.

Computer Systems and Networking –


CPU
CPU
 Parameters
 Measuring the power of the processor
 Clock rate [MHz / GHz]
 How many signals can be triggered in 1 second?
 Clock rate ↑  No. of instruction processed in 1s ↑
 1MHz = 1,000,000/s; 1GHz = 1,000,000,000/s
 Word length [bit]
 How many bits of data can be processed at one time?
 Word length ↑  More data is processed at one time
 Common word length: 64bits
 E.g. SNES Specification (From Wikipedia)
Basic Hardware Components

Input Unit CPU Output Unit

Main
Memory

Secondary
Storage
Memory System
CPU

 Basic Structure

CU +1 Registers ALU Registers


PC
Main
Memory ACC
IR Instruction
Decoder

CPU
CPU
 Control Unit (CU)
 Send and receive control signals to and from
peripheral devices
 Interpret instructions stored in main memory
 Synchronize all operations performed in the CPU
 Sequence instructions to be executed
 Controls the flow of data between different
components
CPU

 Control Unit (CU)


 Program Counter (PC)
 Hold the address of the next instruction
 Automatically incremented by 1 after a fetch
 Instruction Register (IR)
 Hold current instructions fetched
 Instruction Decoder
 Interprets the current instructions stored in IR
CPU

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)


 Perform all arithmetic and logical operations
 Accumulator (ACC)
 A register which stores the result of one arithmetic or
logical operation temporarily
Bus System

 Bus System
 Group of wires
 Connect different parts within a computer system
 3 Types:
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus
Bus System
 Bus System
 Data Bus
 Carry data/instruction signals
 Bidirectional
 No. of data lines = No. of bits of one data
 Address Bus
 Carry address signals – Memory Address
 e.g. Instruction address, data address
 Unidirectional
 If n is the number of address bus, then:
Max. Addressable Memory Size = 2n
Bus System

 Bus System
 Control Bus
 Carry control signals
 Give the controls of other parts in the computer to CU
 Unidirectional

Main
CPU
Memory
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
Main Memory
 Accessible to CPU without other I/O channels
 Installed on the motherboard
 Faster access
 2 major types:
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM ROM
RAM vs ROM
128 Mb
SDRAM
 RAM
 Volatile
 Data disappeared when the computer is powered off
 Hold data and instructions being used / to be used
temporarily
 Categories:
 SRAM
RDRAM with integrated heatsink
 DRAM
 SDRAM
 DDR/DDR2 SDRAM, RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
RAM vs ROM
 ROM EPROM
 Non-volatile
 Hold permanent data and instructions provided by the
manufacturer (firmware)
 Bootstrap program: Load and initialize the OS
 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):
Manage data transfers between I/O devices and CPU
 Examples
 P (Programmable) ROM
 E (Erasable) PROM
 E (Electrically) EPROM
 EA (Alterable) ROM
 Flash Memory

Inside a USB flash drive


Other Memories

 CMOS Memory
 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
 Store data for a long time
 Basic information of the computer system
 E.g. Type of HDD, memory capacity, etc.
Other Memories

 Cache Memory
 High speed
 Stores the most frequently used data and
instructions
 CPU search cache first, then RAM

Common questions

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The clock rate of a CPU, measured in MHz or GHz, indicates how many signals can be triggered in one second. A higher clock rate means more instructions can be processed within the same time frame, thereby improving processing capabilities. For example, a clock rate of 1 GHz means the CPU can process 1,000,000,000 signals per second .

The Accumulator (ACC) serves as a register within the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) of the CPU, temporarily storing the results of arithmetic and logical operations. This allows the CPU to perform complex calculations and logical processes by keeping intermediate results close at hand .

The Control Unit (CU) within the CPU is responsible for sending and receiving control signals to and from peripheral devices, interpreting instructions stored in main memory, synchronizing operations within the CPU, sequencing instructions for execution, and controlling data flow between components. It includes elements like the Program Counter (PC), which holds the address of the next instruction, and the Instruction Register (IR) for holding current instructions .

Cache memory is crucial for CPU performance because it is high-speed memory that stores the most frequently used data and instructions. This allows the CPU to access these data more quickly than if it had to access them from the main RAM, thus speeding up processing time and improving overall system efficiency .

RAM, or Random Access Memory, is volatile and is used to temporarily hold data and instructions that the CPU is currently using or expecting to use. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off. ROM, or Read Only Memory, is non-volatile and stores permanent data and instructions provided by the manufacturer, such as firmware, which are not lost when the computer is powered off .

The Data Bus carries data and instruction signals and is bidirectional, meaning it facilitates two-way data communication. The number of data lines determines how many bits can be transferred simultaneously. The Address Bus carries memory address signals, such as instruction and data addresses, and is unidirectional, with its width determining the maximum addressable memory size (2^n for an n-bit bus). The Control Bus carries control signals, providing control over other parts of the computer system to the CU, and is unidirectional .

Programmable ROM variants, such as PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM, enhance system flexibility by allowing modifications and updates post-manufacture. PROM can be programmed once after manufacture. EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times using ultraviolet light, while EEPROM allows electrical erasure and reprogramming, facilitating system updates and customization without replacing the chip .

The Program Counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction to be executed, automatically incrementing after each fetch operation. The Instruction Register (IR) then holds the current instruction fetched from memory. Together, they ensure that the CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions sequentially and efficiently, managing the flow of operations within the CPU .

CMOS memory, or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor memory, is significant because it stores essential system information like the type of hard disk drive or memory capacity. It retains this information for long periods, ensuring the basic settings and configurations of the computer system are preserved, even when the device is powered off .

The word length of a CPU, usually measured in bits, denotes how much data can be processed at one time. A longer word length allows a CPU to process more data simultaneously, improving its efficiency and performance. Commonly, a 64-bit word length is utilized, enabling the handling of larger data types and more precise calculations .

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