Chapter 15
Network Layer
Protocols:
ARP, IPv4, ICMPv4,
IPv6, and ICMPv6
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.1 Protocols at network layer
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
20.1 ARP
Mapping
Packet Format
Encapsulation
Operation
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.2 ARP operation
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.3 ARP packet
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.4 Encapsulation of ARP packet
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.5 Four cases using ARP
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Note:
An ARP request is broadcast; an ARP
reply is unicast.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Example 1
A host with IP address [Link] and physical address
B23455102210 has a packet to send to another host with IP address
[Link] and physical address A46EF45983AB. The two hosts
are on the same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply
packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames.
Solution
Figure 20.6 shows the ARP request and reply packets. Note that the ARP
data field in this case is 28 bytes, and that the individual addresses do not
fit in the 4-byte boundary. That is why we do not show the regular 4-byte
boundaries for these addresses. Note that we use hexadecimal for every
field except the IP addresses.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.6 Example 1
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
20.2 IP
Datagram
Fragmentation
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.7 IP datagram
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Note:
The total length field defines the total
length of the datagram including the
header.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.8 Multiplexing
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.9 Example of checksum calculation
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.10 MTU
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.11 Fragmentation example
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
20.3 ICMP
Types of Messages
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.12 ICMP encapsulation
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Note:
ICMP always reports error messages
to the original source.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.13 Error-reporting messages
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Note:
There is no flow control or congestion
control mechanism in IP.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.14 Query messages
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
20.4 IPv6
IPv6 Addresses
Categories of Addresses
IPv6 Packet Format
Fragmentation
ICMPv6
Transition
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.15 IPv6 address
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.16 Abbreviated address
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.17 Abbreviated address with consecutive zeros
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.18 CIDR address
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.19 Format of an IPv6 datagram
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.20 Comparison of network layers in version 4 and version 6
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.21 Three transition strategies
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.22 Three transition strategies
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.23 Tunneling
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 20.24 Header translation
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004