Course: Vector Control

Lecture One: Introduction

Mr. Abukar Abdulle Mohamed
Learning Objectives
 At the End of this Lecture students will be Able to:
 Give introduction to Vector
 Define Vector
 Define Vector Control
 Discuss Vector-borne transmission
 Describe Aims of Vector control
 Discuss Ways of Vector Borne Disease Transmission
 questions
 INTRODUCTION
 At the end of the nineteenth century, it was
discovered that certain species of insects, other
arthropods were responsible for the transmission of
some important diseases.
 Since effective vaccines or drugs were not always
available for the prevention or treatment of these
diseases, control of transmission often had to rely
mainly on control of the vector.
 INTRODUCTION
 Vector-borne Infections: diseases caused by pathogens
transmitted by insects and ticks, have long impacted
Human affairs.
 Vector-borne infections today is responsible for filling
the hospitals of sub-Saharan Africa with Malaria
Victims.
 Suppressing the Economies of nations and interrupting
industrial operations where it remains Endemic.
 What is Vector?
 Vector: is an insect or any animal that transmits a
disease to other Animals or Humans. E.g. Mosquitoes,
ticks, lice, fleas, etc.
 Vectors are living organisms that serve as vehicles to
transmit a pathogen from a host to a human or to an
animal or both. They have a significant negative impact
on human and animal health, along with huge
economic implications
 Vector Control
 Vector Control is any method to limit or eradicate,
insects or other arthropods (collectively called
"vectors") which transmit disease pathogens.
 Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, exert a huge
burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide,
particularly affecting the poorest of the poor. The
principal method by which these diseases are controlled
is through Vector Control.
 Vector-borne transmission
 Vector-borne transmission: Occurs when the infectious
agent is conveyed by an arthropod to a susceptible host.
 It may be divided into two main kinds:-
Mechanical transmission: is when an insect transports
the agent by its feet E.g. common house fly
Biological transmission: is when the agent multiplies
in the arthropod before it is transmitted. E.g.
Mosquitoes.
 Aims of Vector control
 Aims of Vector control is to limit the transmission of
pathogens by reducing or eliminating human contact with the
vector.
 vector control must play a vitally important role in public
health and livestock management programs around the world.
Without these interventions, dangerous diseases would
multiply, with the increased movement of populations and
livestock, the global spread of disease is a growing concern.
 CON……….
 Vector control is crucial to reduce the incidence of
infection from diseases.
 this is especially important for those for which there is
currently no effective cure or preventive medical
measures available such as Dengue, and Chikungunya
virus
Ways of Vector Borne Disease Transmission:
 Generally there are three types of vector borne disease
transmission. Namely, Mechanical disease transmission,
Biological disease transmission, and hereditary disease
transmission.
 Mechanical disease transmission:- is a type of disease
transmission in which the vector is no more than a carrier
that transmit pathogens without any change either on the
number or form of disease pathogens. Example-Trachoma.
 CONT…..
 Biological disease transmission: In this type of
disease transmission certain developmental pattern
exists either in the vector or host or in both cases.
 It is sub-divided.
i. Propagative
ii. Cyclo-developmental
iii. Cyclo-propagative
 CONT….
 Propagative: In propagative type of disease transmission
only the number of pathogens increases and the
developmental stage remain constant.
 Cyclo-developmental: In this type of disease
transmission only the developmental stage (form) of the
disease pathogen changed (small to big, immature to
matured stage, etc.) while the number of the pathogenic
organism remain constant.
 CONT…
 Cyclo-Propagative: is type of disease transmission is a
combination of both propagative and cyclo-developmental where
by the disease pathogen under take a change both in number and
developmental
 Transovarian(Hereditary) disease transmission:- is a type of
disease transmission where by the causative agent is transmitted to
the immature stage from the adult insects who carry disease
pathogens and when the infected egg complete its developmental
stage, it can transmit the disease to man and other animals..
 Definition of Terms
 Arbo-Viruses: are viruses that are transmitted from one
vertebrate to the other by the help of mosquitoes and
other arthropods.
 Biological vectors- are vectors that transmit disease
pathogens after the multiplication or development of the
pathogen in the insect gut or muscle.
 Insecticides: are substances or an agent that kill insects
or other arthropods.
 CONT…
 Insecticide formulation:- is the addition of substances
solvent or diluents which enable a given chemical
insecticide to be used to greatest advantage.
 Mechanical vectors- are vectors that transmit
pathogenic Microorganisms without undertaking any
developmental change.
 Medical entomology :- is a medical science concerned
with vectors that affect human and animal health.
 CONT…
 New World:-refers to Countries or regions in the Western

hemisphere.

 Old World:- refers to the Eastern hemispher; the world of

Europe, Asia and Africa.

 Rodents:- comprise a great number of mammals, ranging in

size from the rats and mice which belong to rodentia. In this

course we are concerned with the domestic rats and mice,

which is one of the serious health hazards in the community.

 QUESTIONS
1. Define the following terms or phrases.
A. Vector B. Biological vector. C. Arbo-virus
2. Discuss Biological disease transmission
3. Define Vector Control
4. Discuss Vector-borne transmission
5. Describe Aims of Vector control
6. Discuss Ways of Vector Borne Disease Transmission
7. Define Medical entomology