4.
Waste Management
1
Introduction
Provisional ecosystem
services
Water Food
Life supporting activities
Waste Production Sanitation
Liquid Solid Gaseous
Waste management
Improper management
Pollution Public health impacts
Ecological degradation
Water Land Air
2
Introduction…
Waste management
Is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or
disposal of waste materials produced by human
activity in an effort to reduce their effect on human
health or the ecosystem.
It also tries to reduce waste materials’ effect on the
natural environment and to recover resources from
them.
3
Part I
Liquid Waste Management
4
Definition of terms
Influent: inflowing liquid
Effluent: outflowing liquid or that has undergone
some level of treatment
Grey water: is the total volume of water generated
from kitchen, laundry as well as from bathing.
Flush water: Is the water that is used to transport
excreta from the User Interface to the next
technology.
5
Definition of terms …
Black water: Is the mixture of urine, faeces and flush
water along with anal cleansing material.
Sewage: a combination of Liquid waste from
residential, commercial, institutions, and industrial
establishment
Sewer: a pipe containing sewage or wastewater
Sewerage: a system of sewer pipes for transporting
of sewage or wastewater into the treatment and
disposal.
6
Public health significance of liquid waste management
a) Communicable diseases
o Human excreta is the source for large number of
diseases transmitted through intestinal discharge.
o Ascariasis, Taniasis, Typhoid fever, Trichuriasis,
Schistosomiasis, Shigellosis
o Worldwide, approximately 1.7 billion cases of
diarrhoea/year resulting 2.2 million deaths (WHO, 2013)
1.1 billion people still defecate in the open
o Ethiopia
60- 80% of the current disease burden
7
Communicable disease associated with excreta
1. Faeco-oral
Diarrhoeal diseases
Poliomyelitis
Roundworms
2. Water-based
Schistosomiasis
3. Soil-based
Hookworms
4. Vector associated diseases
Filariasis - Culex mosquitoes
8
Morbidity and mortality associated with excreta
Disease Morbidity/year Mortality/year
Diarrhea 1500 million 4 million
Poliomyelitis 204,000 25,000
Enteric fevers 500,000 -1 million 25,000
Roundworm 800 -1 million 20,000
Schistosomiasis 200 million >200,000
Hookworm 900 million 50,000
9
Transmission routes for pathogens found in excreta
10
Public health significance . . .
b) High IMR
o World wide, IMR decline from
time to time.
o However, IMR remained higher
in Least Developed countries
(LDCs).
o Diarrheal disease is the second
leading cause of death in <5
children
o 760,000 under 5 children
die/year due to diarrheal
diseases
11
Public health significance …
c) Economic impacts
o Cost of treatment per infection
o Loss of working days
o Create work load to families, community and health
personnel
12
Public health significance…
d) Environmental degradation
Not pleasant for the public
Loss of ecosystem integrity
Loss of biodiversity
Invasive species
13
Sanitation systems and technologies
Sanitation: is the hygienic means of promoting health
through prevention of human contact with the hazards of
wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of
sewage or wastewater.
A sanitation system must:
1. Protect and promote health
2. Protect the environment
3. Be simple
4. Be affordable
5. Be culturally acceptable
6. Work for everyone
14
Sanitation systems and technologies
Parts of sanitation system
15
Processes of sanitation system
16
Technologies for the Collection & Storage
17
Technologies of Collection & Storage
Two types of systems
1. Non-Water carriage system
is a system which normally does not use water for
carrying away or transporting human wastes
2. Water carriage system
The excreta deposited directly into properly
constructed sanitary fittings, and then carried away
by water through a closed piping system
(drainage) to the final disposal site
18
Non-water carriage systems
1. Simple Pit latrine
Is the simplest and cheapest
sanitation systems.
Most commonly used system of
excreta disposal in many parts of
the world.
Circular in shape, 80-120 cm
diameter,
2.5 - 5 m or more depth
19
Non-water carriage systems
Pit latrines
Advantages
o Low cost
o Can be built easily
o Need no water
o Suitable for rural areas
X Disadvantages
o Fly & smell nuisance
o Not recommended for construction when the ground
formation is rocky or where the water table is nearer to the
surface
20
Non-water carriage systems
2. Ventilated Improved
Pit latrine (VIP)
It is a modification of pit
latrine
Advantages
Prevents odor & fly
nuisance
Disadvantages
Difficult to construct
Expensive compared to
SPL
21
Water carriage systems
Requirements:
1. Continuous water supply
2. Sanitary fittings or appliances inside the house, to
receive excreta and wastewater
3. A network of connecting pipes to collect sewage from
individuals houses in a neighbor, and to convey into the
final disposal site
22
Water carriage systems
1. Pour flush toilet
Advantages
o The water seal effectively prevents
odours
o Requires no water connection
X Disadvantages/Concerns
o 2-3 L of water are required per
flush, as the toilet will not work
without water
o Dry cleansing materials should be
discarded separately to prevent
clogging
23
Water carriage systems
2. Cistern-flush toilet
Advantages
The toilet is comfortable and easy
to use
No odour and fly problem
X Disadvantages
Non-functional without running
water
Expensive
Generates a large volume of
sewage to be discharged
24
Sanitation Systems during Emergencies
1. Shallow pit (Trench)
Known as cat method
Suitable for
– People on move (soldiers, school club …etc)
– Farmers working in the farm
Small hole is dug each time they defecate and then
feces are covered with soil.
25
Advantages
+ No cost (minimum cost)
+ Benefit to farmers as fertilizers or soil conditioner.
+ Helpful in emergency case (epidemic, migration …)
X Disadvantages
- Considerable fly nuisance
- Spreads of worm larvae (hook worm)
- Not safe disposal
26
2. Bucket latrine
Advantages
Containers are readily
available and transported
Can be used in flooded areas
X Disadvantage
Disposal system has to be
constructed
Need large number of
containers and chemicals
There may be contact with
waste during disposal
27
3. Bore hole latrine
Modified pit latrine
Made by special boring equipment known as
“earth auger” (auger).
This equipment has a varying diameter from 30 –
45 cm with adjustable length.
This type of latrine has a diameter of about 40 cm
and a length of 6 – 8 m.
28
Advantages
Can be constructed quickly, hence large number of
latrines can be constructed in a short period of time
Suitable for a short term use as in a disaster situation
X Disadvantage
Augur may not be easily available
Need special soil formation
Can not be constructed in areas where ground water
table is high i.e., in shallow well areas
Greater risk for ground water pollution
29
Conveyance technologies
30
Conveyance technologies
the methods for transport of liquid waste:
1. Sewer
2. Mechanical
3. Manual
31
Conveyance technologies
1. Sewers
Are large networks of
underground pipes
conveying sewage
from individual
households to a
central treatment
facility using gravity
and pumps if
necessary.
They use large
diameter sewers.
32
Conveyance technologies
Advantages
o Comfortable, hands-off system with no user
maintenance
Disadvantages
- Asphalt removal, excavation are expensive
- Installation process is long, slow and disruptive
- Requires detailed engineering and professional
construction
33
Conveyance technologies
2. Mechanical
34
Conveyance technologies
3. Manual
May not avoid contact with
waste
35
Treatment technologies
36
1. Onsite treatment technologies
37
38
2. Offsite treatment technologies
39
Disposal technologies
40
Disposal technologies
41
Disposal technologies
Leaching fields
42
Disposal technologies
43
44