14e

Organizational
Behavior
Human Behavior at
Work

Chapter Seven
Leadership
John W. Newstrom

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 Outline
• The nature of leadership
• Management and Leadership
• Traits of Effective Leaders
• Behavioral Approaches to Leadership Style
• Positive and Negative Leaders
• Autocratic, Consultative, and Participative
Leaders

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 Leadership
• Influencing and supporting others to work
enthusiastically toward achieving objectives
• Transforms potential into reality
• Helps
– Identify goals of individuals and groups
– Motivate and assist people to achieve the goal
• Elements - Influence or support, voluntary
effort, and goal achievement
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 Nature of Leadership
• Tested by the degree to which it identifies,
develops, channels, and enriches an
organization’s potential
• Approaches
– Descriptive - Ways in which the actions of leaders
differ
– Contingency - Analyzes and selects a style that
best fits the situation

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 Managers versus Leaders
Managers Leaders
• Hold formal positions • Anyone with informal
• Achieve results by influence
directing the activities • Create a vision and
of others inspire others to
• Weak leaders can still achieve it
be effective managers • Strong leaders can be
• Excellent managers are weak managers
expected to have • Leadership ability can
leadership skills too be acquired and
improved

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 Leadership Traits
• Traits: Physical, intellectual, or personality
characteristics
• Possessing leadership traits does not
guarantee successful leadership
• Negative traits
– Narcissism: Leaders who are filled with their own
importance
• Exaggerate their achievements, want special favors,
and exploit others for personal gain
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 Leadership Traits
– Alpha dogs: Leaders who are intensely aggressive,
egocentric, domineering, and controlling
• Use personal characteristics, skills, or positions to:
– Intimidate others
– Maintain personal control

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 Figure 7.1 - Positive Leadership Traits

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 Leadership Behavior
• Successful leadership depends more on
behavior, skills, and actions than on traits
– Traits provide basic potential
– Behaviors release and express traits

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 Leadership Style
• Total pattern of explicit and implicit leaders’
actions as seen by employees
• Positive leadership - Emphasizes rewards and
a supportive approach
– Uses a conversational approach in communication

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 Leadership Style
• Negative leadership - Emphasizes threats, fear,
harshness, intimidation, and penalties
– Workplace bullies: Intimidate, ridicule, insult,
blame, harass, and make unreasonable demands
• Style is related to one’s model of
organizational behavior

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 Styles and the Use of Power
Autocratic leaders
• Centralize power and decision making in themselves
• Employ negative leadership

Consultative leaders
• Ask for employee input before making a decision
• Use or ignore the information received

Participative leaders
• Decentralize authority and use employees’ input and participation
• Leader and group act as a social unit
• Consistent with the supportive, collegial, and systems models of
organizational behavior

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