Communication for

Various Purposes
 PREPARING A SPEECH OR ORAL
REPORT

An individual learns the basics of oral communication

right at home. The school environment takes this learning a
notch higher by teaching the student how to interact with
peers and teachers alike. The quality of communication in
student life will define professional communication later in
life. Good communication enables students to assimilate
more from the learning process by empowering them to ask
relevant questions and discuss doubts.
 PREPARING A SPEECH OR ORAL
REPORT

Audience
Know the profile of your listeners. It is important
that you know who will listen to you, their age, gender
educational background, religion, economic status, and
interests. Also, know how much the audience knows
about the topic. That way you can avoid discussing
points that would run contrary to their beliefs and
practices and thus prevent miscommunication and
misunderstanding.
 PREPARING A SPEECH OR ORAL
REPORT

Logistics
It is something basic or essential for every speaker
to know who is organizing the event. Know who will
be introducing you and who will be speaking before
and after you. That way, you will be able to tie up the
earlier presentation with your own resulting in a more
coherent presentation. You may even give the audience
an idea as to what the next talk
is going to be.
 PREPARING A SPEECH OR ORAL
REPORT

Logistics
1. Venue- The venue is equally important. As a
speaker, you should also know how to position
yourself and how you should move in front to get
the attention of the listeners.
2. Facilities- Ask beforehand about the pieces of
equipment available for you. These facilities should
match the presentation aids that you will use.
 PREPARING A SPEECH OR ORAL
REPORT

Logistics
3. Content of report/speech/lecture- Since you
have been invited as a speaker, the organizers might
have sought you because of your reputation as an
effective speaker. If the purpose of the event is to
inform just
like in a convention, conference, or a training
seminar, it is expected that you
are able to contribute new information.
 TIPS TO CREATE A PRESENTATION THAT IS
BOTH INFORMATIVE AND INTERESTING:

1. Organize your thoughts. Start with an outline and

develop good transitions between sections.
Emphasize the real-world significance of your
research.
2. Have a strong opening. Why should the audience
listen to you? One good way to get their attention is
to start with a question, whether or not you expect
an answer.
 TIPS TO CREATE A PRESENTATION THAT IS
BOTH INFORMATIVE AND INTERESTING:

3. Define terms early. If you are using terms that may

be new to the audience, introduce them early in your
presentation. Once an audience gets lost in unfamiliar
terminology, it is extremely difficult to get them back
on track.
4. Finish with a bang. Find one or two sentences that
sum up the importance
of your research. How is the world better off as a result
of what you have done?
 TIPS TO CREATE A PRESENTATION THAT IS
BOTH INFORMATIVE AND INTERESTING:

5. Design PowerPoint slides to introduce important

information. Consider doing a presentation without
PowerPoint. Then consider which points you cannot
make without slides. Create only those slides that are
necessary to improve your communication with the
audience.
6. Time yourself. Do not wait until the last minute to time
your presentation. You only have 15 minutes to speak, so
you want to know, as soon as possible, if you are close to
that limit.
 TIPS TO CREATE A PRESENTATION THAT IS
BOTH INFORMATIVE AND INTERESTING:

7. Create effective notes for yourself. Have notes that you

can read. Do not write out your entire talk; use an outline
or other brief reminders of what you want to say. Make
sure the text is large enough that you can read it from a
distance.
8. Practice, practice, practice. The more you practice your
presentation, the more comfortable you will be in front of
an audience. Practice in front of a friend or two and ask
for their feedback. Make it better and do it again.
 PRESENTING EFFECTIVELY

When you start your presentation, the audience

will be interested in what you say. Use these tips to
help keep them interested throughout your
presentation:

1. Be excited.
2. Speak with confidence.
3. Make eye contact with the audience.
4. Avoid reading from the screen.
 PRESENTING EFFECTIVELY

5. Blank the screen when a slide is unnecessary.

6. Use a pointer only when necessary.
7. Explain your equations and graphs.
8. Pause
9. Avoid filler words.
10. Relax
11. Breathe
12. Acknowledge the people who supported your
presentation/speech.
 INFORMATIVE SPEECH

It is a speech that aims to provide information to

the listeners about some topic. The goal of
information is not to persuade listeners to change
their beliefs or to actions, but rather the goal is to
increase their knowledge and awareness of the topic.
Informative messages attempt to present an objective-
that is, truthful and unbiased-view of the topics being
considered.
 FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INFORMATIVE SPEECH

1. SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS

Speeches about objects focus on things existing
in the world. Objects include, among other things,
people places, animals or products. Because you are
speaking under time constraints, you cannot discuss
any topic in its entirely. Instead, limit your speech
to a focused discussion of some aspects of your
topic.
 FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INFORMATIVE SPEECH

2. SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES

Speeches about processes focus on patterns of
action. One type of speech about processes, the
demonstration speeches, teaches people ―how to‖
perform a process. More frequently, however, you will
use process speeches to explain a process in broader
terms. This way, the audience is
more likely to understand the importance or the context
of the process.
 FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INFORMATIVE SPEECH

3. SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS

Speeches about events focus on the things that

happened, are happening, or
will happen. When speaking about an event, remember
to relate the topic to your audience. A speech
chronicling history is informative, but you should adapt
the information to your audience and provide them with
some way to use the information.
 FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INFORMATIVE SPEECH

4. SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS

Speeches about the concepts focus on beliefs, ideas, and
theories. While speeches about objects, processes, and
events are fairly concrete. Take care to be clear and
understandable when creating a speech about concept.
When selecting a concept, remember you are crafting an
informative speech. Often, speeches about concepts take on
a persuasive tone.
 FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INFORMATIVE SPEECH

4. SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS

Focus your efforts toward providing unbiased

information and refrain from making arguments. Because
concepts can be vague and involved, limit your speech to
aspects that can be readily explained and understood within
the limits.
 TYPES OF INFORMATIVE
SPEECHES
1. Definitional speeches
In definitional speeches the speaker attempts to
set forth the meaning of concepts, theories,
philosophies, or issues that may be unfamiliar to the
audience. In this type of speeches, speakers may
begin by giving the historical derivation,
classification, or synonyms of terms of the
background of the subject.
 TYPES OF INFORMATIVE
SPEECHES
2. Descriptive speeches

The purpose of descriptive speech is to provide a

detailed, vivid, word of picture of a person, animal,
place or object. Audiences should carry away in
their minds a clear vision of the subject. It
determines the characteristics, features, functions,
or fine points of the topic.
 TYPES OF INFORMATIVE
SPEECHES
3. Explanatory speeches

Similar to the descriptive speech, they both share

the function of clarifying the topic. But explanatory
speeches focus on reports of current and historical
events, customs, transformations, inventions,
policies, outcomes, and options.
 TYPES OF INFORMATIVE
SPEECHES
4. Demonstration speeches

The most practical of all informative speeches, a

demonstration speech shows listeners how some
process is accomplished or how to perform it
themselves. The focus is on a chronological
explanation of some process, application, or course
of action.
 KEY POINTS ABOUT
INFORMATIVE SPEECH
INFORMATIVE SPEECH- It is a speech that aims
to provide information to the listeners about some
topic.
SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS- Focus on things
existing in the world.
SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES- Focus on
patterns of action.
SPEECHES ABOUT EVENT- Focus on the things
that happened, are happening, or will happen.
 KEY POINTS ABOUT
INFORMATIVE SPEECH
SPEECHES ABOUT THE CONCEPTS- Focus on
beliefs, ideas, and theories.
SPEECH COMMUNICATION- Work to develop
confidence and effectiveness in their public speaking,
interpersonal, and small group communication skills.
DEFINITIONAL SPEECHES- Describing the
essential attributes of one concept compared to
another.
 KEY POINTS ABOUT
INFORMATIVE SPEECH
DESCRIPTIVE SPEECHES- The purpose of
descriptive speech is to provide a detailed, vivid, word of
picture of a person, animal, place or object.
EXPLANATORY SPEECHES- Focus on reports of
current and historical events, customs, transformations,
inventions, policies, outcomes, and options
DEMONSTRATION SPEECH- Shows listeners how
some process is accomplished or how to perform it
themselves.
 PERSUASIVE
COMMUNICATION
Persuasive communication is any message that is
intended to shape, reinforce, or change the responses of
another or others. Persuasive communication can be
targeted at :

• Cognition. Persuasion can be used to change individuals‘

beliefs about an object or an issue, which includes
attributes, interpretation, definition, outcome, etc.
 PERSUASIVE
COMMUNICATION
• Attitude. Persuasion can be used to change
individuals‘ attitude toward an object or an issue,
which refers to the categorization of an object or an
issue along an evaluative dimension (from negative to
positive).

• Behavior. Persuasion can be used to change

individuals‘ behavior, which is the overt actions
regarding an object or an issue.
 PERSUASIVE
COMMUNICATION
Persuasion is a literary technique that writers use to
present their ideas through reason and logic, in order to
influence the audience. Persuasion may simply use an
argument to persuade the readers, or sometimes may
persuade readers to perform a certain action. Simply, it is an
art of effective speaking and writing in which writers make
their opinions believable to the audience through logic, by
invoking emotions, and by proving their own credibility.
 TYPES OF PERSUASION
Persuasion has three basic types:
1. Ethos
It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method
of persuasion, writers or speakers convince their
audience of their goodwill and present themselves as
trustworthy. In order to determine whether a writer is
credible or not, the audience needs to understand his
intention and his strong understanding of the subject.
 TYPES OF PERSUASION
Persuasion has three basic types:
2. Logos

Logos comes of logic; therefore writers use

logic, reasoning, and rationality to convince
audiences of their perspectives.
 TYPES OF PERSUASION
Persuasion has three basic types:
3. Pathos
The third method is pathos, which invokes and
appeals to the emotions of the audience. This is
contrary to logos, as it presents arguments without
using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider love,
fear, empathy, and anger as strong factors to influence
the emotions of their audiences.
 6 PRINCIPLES OF
PERSUASION

1. Principle of Reciprocity
2. Principle of Scarcity
3. Principle of Authority
4. Principle of Commitment and Consistency
5. Principle of Consensus
6. Principle of Liking
 GENERAL TYPES OF SPECIAL
OCCASION SPEECHES
Many entertaining speeches fall under the
category of special-occasion speeches. All the
speeches in this category are given to mark the
significance of particular events. Common events
include weddings, awards ceremonies, funerals, and
political events. In each of these different
occasions, speakers are asked to deliver speeches
relating to the event.
 FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL
OCCASION SPEECH

1. Entertain and Celebrate - speeches intended to

entertain an audience may be either informative or
persuasive, the rhetorical situation often provides a
clear indication of when a speech falls into the special
occasion category.
 FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL
OCCASION SPEECH

2. Commemorate - When we think of a speech

crafted to commemorate something or someone,
perhaps a eulogy is the first type to come to mind.
Speeches of commemoration can also include building
or monument dedications that are designed to honor the
memory of the person or situation that inspired the site.
 FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL
OCCASION SPEECH

3. Inspire - Often the rhetorical situation calls for a

speaker to present words of wisdom and guidance
based upon their own personal experiences or what
they‘ve learned through shared experiences of the
audience they are addressing.
 FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL
OCCASION SPEECH

4. Advocate - This textbook is dedicated to

encouraging students to stand up and speak out and
this type of special occasion speech encompasses
the speeches in which individuals do just that.
Speeches of advocacy focus on goals and values,
and are often cause-oriented or crafted to impact
policy-setting or change in some way.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING

Speeches given during a ceremony or a

ritual marked by observance of formality or
etiquette. These ceremonies tend to be very
special for people, so it shouldn‘t be
surprising that they are opportunities for
speech making.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
Speeches of Introduction
Which is a mini-speech given by the host of a ceremony that
introduces another speaker and his or her speech.
Effective Speech of Introduction:
- Balance the length of the introduction paragraph with the total
speech length.
- Avoid broad, sweeping, and too general statements.
- Be clear, direct and straightforward in your speech.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
 Speeches of Presentation
A speech of presentation is a brief speech given
to accompany a prize or honor.
Publicly speaking to an audience with intent to
inform, demonstrate, explain or persuade. The
presentation is normally written, then performed
and includes an introduction, a body consisting of
main focal points and a conclusion.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
Good Presentation Speech

Refer to the occasion by telling why you are

there and why it is a special day. Explain briefly
what the award represents, and describe the
following: symbol, goal, categories, history and
previous winners.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
1. Speeches of Acceptance

The complement to a speech of presentation

is the speech of acceptance. The speech of
acceptance is a speech given by the recipient
of a prize or honor.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
1. Speeches of Acceptance
There are three typical components of a speech of
acceptance:
• Thank the givers of the award or honor,
• Thank those who helped you achieve your goal, and
• Put the award or honor into perspective.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
2. Speeches of Dedication
A speech of dedication is delivered when a new
store opens, a building is named after someone, a
plaque is placed on a wall, a new library is
completed, and so on. These speeches are designed
to highlight the importance of the project and
possibly those to whom the project has been
dedicated.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
3. Roasts
The roast speech is a very interesting and
peculiar speech because it is designed to both praise
and good naturedly insult a person being honored.
Generally, roasts are given at the conclusion of a
banquet in honor of someone‘s life achievements.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
4. Eulogies
A eulogy is a speech given in honor of
someone who has died. A eulogy is a speech
or writing in praise of a person or thing,
especially one who recently died or retired or
as a term of endearment.
 CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
5. Speeches of Farewell

A speech of farewell allows someone

to say good-bye to one part of his or her
life as he or she is moving on to the next
part of life.
 INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
The goal of an inspirational speech is to elicit or
arouse an emotional state within an audience. In
Section 18.2.1 "Ceremonial Speaking", we looked
at ceremonial speeches. Although some
inspirational speeches are sometimes tied to
ceremonial occasions, there are also other speaking
contexts that call for inspirational
speeches.
 INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
1. Speeches to Ensure Goodwill
Goodwill is an intangible asset that is made up of the
favor or reputation of an individual or organization.
Speeches of goodwill are often given in an attempt to get
audience members to view the person or organization more
favorably. Although speeches of goodwill are clearly
persuasive, they try not to be obvious about the persuasive
intent and are often delivered as information-giving
speeches that focus on an
individual or organization‘s positives attributes.
 INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
1. Speeches to Ensure Goodwill
There are three basic types of speeches of
goodwill:

• Public relations,
• Justification, and
• Apology.
 INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
• Speeches for Public Relations
In a public relations speech, the speaker is
speaking to enhance one‘s own image or the
image of his or her organization. You can
almost think of these speeches as cheerleading
speeches because the ultimate goal is to get
people to like the speaker and what he or she
represents.
 INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
• Speeches of Justification
The second common speech of goodwill is the
speech of justification, which is given
when someone attempts to defend why certain actions
were taken or will be taken. In these speeches, speakers
have already enacted (or decided to enact) some kind of
behavior, and are now attempting to justify why the
behavior is or was appropriate.
 INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
• Speeches of Apology
The final speech of goodwill is the speech of apology
which is to ask forgiveness .Frankly, these speeches have
become more and more commonplace. Every time we turn
around, a politician, professional athlete, musician, or
actor/actress is doing something reprehensible and getting
caught. In fact, the speech of apology has quickly become a
fodder for humor as well. In your apology, you need to be
specific and detailed and say exactly what you did wrong.
 INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
2. Speeches for Commencements

The second type of inspirational speech is the speech

of commencement, which is designed to recognize and
celebrate the achievements of a graduating class or
other group of people. The most typical form
ofcommencement speech happens when someone
graduates from school.
TYPES OF SPEECHES BASED
ON DELIVERY
There are four ways in which a speaker can
deliver his or her information. Once can speak from
his head, commit every word to memory, read from
a script or use a blended approach. These are the
four primary types of speech delivery:
Manuscript
Memorized
Impromptu
Extemporaneous
TYPES OF SPEECHES BASED
ON DELIVERY
1. Manuscript
Manuscript speaking, like it sounds, involves
reading your speech word-for-word from its
written form. The advantage to delivering a
speech this way is that you can perfectly plan
and control the wording of your speech. This
sounds like it is ideal, but really it is not. In
most speeches you should be striving for an
informal, conversational delivery style.
 METHODS OF SPEECH
DELIVERY
Rarely done well enough to be interesting
Guidelines
Type your manuscript in short, easy-to-scan phrases
Use appropriate nonverbal messages
Do not read the speech too quickly
Vary the rhythm, inflections, and pace of your
delivery
Use gestures and movement to add nonverbal interest
TYPES OF SPEECHES BASED
ON DELIVERY
2. Memorized
Memorized, like it sounds, involves
committing your entire speech to memory.
Once again, this sounds great. But,
practically speaking, who has time
memorize even a short speech? And like a
manuscript speech, you can‘t adapt the
feedback from the audience.
 METHODS OF SPEECH
DELIVERY
Do not deliver your memorized speech
too rapidly
Avoid patterns of vocal inflection that
make the presentation sound recited
Use gestures and movement to add
interest and emphasis to your message
TYPES OF SPEECHES BASED
ON DELIVERY
3. Impromptu
An Impromptu speech is the one that you
are asked to deliver with little or no
preparation.
 METHODS OF SPEECH
DELIVERY
Consider your audience
Be brief
Organize
Draw upon your personal experience and
knowledge
Use gestures and movement that arise
naturally from what you are saying
Be aware of the potential impact of your
communication
TYPES OF SPEECHES BASED
ON DELIVERY
4. Extemporaneous
The Extemporaneous speech is a speech delivered
with some prepared structure, such as notes or an
outline, but is otherwise delivered off-the-cuff. In
most cases, this is going to be your best choice.
The note allows you to structure your speech,
without handcuffing you in the event that your
audience needs you to adapt. Also, you will sound
more natural and conversational, and this will help
hold audience attention.
 METHODS OF SPEECH
DELIVERY
Use a full-content preparation outline when
you begin to rehearse your presentation
Prepare an abbreviated delivery outline and
speaking notes
Do not try to memorize your message word
for word
As you deliver your presentation, adapt it to
your audience
 ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL
DELIVERY
There are five aspects of physical delivery
that will be covered in this section:
1. Voice Use
2. Facial Expressions
3. Eye Contact
4. Gesturing
5. Movement.