Thermal

Stresses

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 1

 σ

σ = E( ε − ε T )

ε0 = εT ε

Linear stress/strain law with initial thermal strain.

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 2

 σx
εx = + εT
E
1
= [ D]
−1

E
{ ε} = [ D] { σ} + { ε T }
−1

{ σ} = [ D]( { ε} − { ε T } )
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 3
 Strain Energy

1 T
u 0 = { σ} ( { ε} − { ε T } )
2
1
u 0 = ( { ε} − { ε T } ) [ D] ( { ε} − { ε T } )
T

2
U = ∫ u 0 dV
V

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 4

 Strain Energy

1
U = ∫ ( { ε} − { ε T } ) [ D] ( { ε} − { ε T } ) dV
T

V
2
{ ε} = [ B]{ d}
1
U = ∫ ( [ B ]{ d} − { ε T } ) [ D] ( [ B ]{ d} − { ε T } ) dV
T

2V
1
2V
(
T T T
)
U = ∫ { d} [ B ] − { ε T } [ D] ( [ B ]{ d} − { ε T } ) dV

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 5

 Strain Energy
1
(
U = ∫ { d} [ B ] [ D][ B ]{ d} dV
2V
T T
)
1
(
− ∫ { d} [ B ] [ D]{ ε T } dV +
2V
T T
)
1
(
− ∫ { ε T } [ D][ B ]{ d} dV
2V
T
)
1
(
+ ∫ { ε T } [ D]{ ε T } dV
2V
T
)
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 6
 Strain Energy

1
(
U L = ∫ { d} [ B ] [ D][ B ]{ d} dV
2V
T T
)
(
U T = ∫ { d} [ B ] [ D]{ ε T } dV
T T
)
V

1
(
Constant = ∫ { ε T } [ D]{ ε T } dV
2V
T
)
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 7
 U = UL + UT
∂U
=0
∂{ d}
∂U L
(
= ∫ [ B ] [ D][ B ]{ d} dV
∂{ d} V
T
)
∂U T
( )
= ∫ [ B ] [ D]{ ε T } dV = { f T }
∂{ d} V
T

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 8

 Thermal Strain Matrix
(one-dimensional bar):

{ ε T } = { ε x } = { αT}
T

L
{ fT } = A ∫ [ B] [ D]{ αT} dx
T

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 9

 Thermal Strain Matrix
(one-dimensional bar):
[ D] = E
 1 1
[ B] = − 
 L L
f T1  − EαTA 
{ fT } =   =  
f T 2   EαTA 
{ }
{ ε T } = ε xT = { αT}
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 10
 Thermal Strain Matrix
(two-dimensional element):
Plane Stress
 ε x T  α T 
   
{ ε T } =  ε y T  = α T 
γ   0 
 xy T   
Plane Strain
 ε xT  α T 
   
{ ε T } =  ε y T  = ( 1 + ν ) α T 
γ   0 
 xy T   

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 11

 Constant Thickness
Constant Strain Triangle
{ f T } = [ B ] [ D] { ε T } t A
T

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 12

 Plane Stress :
 βi 
 
 f Tix   
 γi 
   
 
 f Tiy  α E t T  β j 
{ fT } =   =  
   2(1 − ν )  γ j 
   
   
 f Tmy  βm 
 
γ 
 m
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 13
Procedure
 Evaluate thermal force matrix and
treat this as an equivalent nodal force
matrix.
 Apply: {F}=[K]{d}-{F0}.
 If only thermal loads are present, then
{F0}=[K]{d}.
 Back-substitute known {d} to obtain
element nodal forces, stresses, and
strains.
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 14
 A = 4 in2
E = 30 x 106 psi
α = 7.0 x 10-6 (in/in)/oF

∆T = 50o F

1 2 3
1 2 x

4 ft

Find reactions at fixed ends and the axial stress due to a

50o F temperature rise.

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 15

 For each element:

AE  1 − 1
[k ] =  
L 2 − 1 1 

− EαTA 
{ fT } =  
 EαTA 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 16

 Assembling Global Matrices:
 − EαTA  − EαTA 
   
{ fT } = EαTA − EαTA  =  0 
 EαTA   
   EαTA 
 1 −1 0 
AE  
[ K ] = − 1 2 − 1
L2
 0 − 1 1 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 17

 − EαTA   1 − 1 0  d1 
    
  AE   
 0 =  − 1 2 − 1 d 2
  L 2  
 EαTA   0 − 1 1  d 
    3 

B.C.
d1 = d 3 = 0
Solving
d2 = 0
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 18
 Reaction Forces:
 F1x  0 − EαTA   EαTA 
       
F2 x  = 0 −  0 = 0 
F  0  EαTA  − EαTA 
 3x       
 F1x   42000 
   
F2 x  =  0  lb
F  − 42000
 3x   

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 19

 Axial Stress:

− 42000 lb
σ= 2
= − 10500 psi
4 in

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 20

 Bar 1
A = 12 x 10-4 m2
∆T = -10o C E = 70 GPa
only in Bar 1 α = 23.0 x 10-6 (mm/mm)/oC
2 3
2
1 2
1 x
4
3
2m 2
2m
Bar 2 & 3
A = 6 x 10-4 m2
E = 100 GPa
α = 20.0 x 10-6 (mm/mm)/oC

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 21

For element 1:

[k ] = ( 12 × 10 )( 70 × 10 )  1
−4 6
− 1
2 − 1 1 
 
 1 − 1
[ k ] = 42000  
− 1 1 
− EαTA 
{ fT } =  
 EαTA 
 19.32 
{ fT } =  
− 19.32
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 22
For elements 2 & 3:

[k ] = ( 6 × 10 )(100 × 10 )  1
−4 6
− 1
2 − 1 1 
 
 1 − 1
[ k ] = 30000  
− 1 1 
− EαTA 
{ fT } =  
 EαTA 
0 
{ fT } =  
0 
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 23
 Assembling Global Matrices:

( − EαTA ) 1   19.32 
   
   
 ( E α TA ) 1   − 19. 32 
{fT } =  = 
 0   0 
   
   
 0   0 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 24

 Assembling Global Matrices:

 42 − 42 0 0 
 
 
 − 42 42 + 30 + 30 − 30 − 30 
[ K ] = 1000 
 0 − 30 30 0 
 
 
 0 − 30 0 30 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 25

  42 − 42 0 0  d1   19.32 
    
    
− 42 42 + 30 + 30 − 30 − 30 d 2  − 19.32
1000    =  
 0 − 30 30 0  d 3   0 
    
    
 0 − 30 0 30  d 4   0 
B.C.
d1 = d 3 = d 4 = 0
Solving
d 2 = −1.89 ×10 − 4 m

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 26

Reaction  F1x   42 − 42 0 0  0   19.32 
      
Forces:       
102 − 30 − 30 − 1.89 × 10 − 4  − 19.32
F
 2 x  − 42    
  = 1000   −
  
F3x   0 − 30 30 0  0   0 
      
      
F3x   0 − 30 0 
30   0 
  0 


 F1x  − 11.38
   
   
F
 2 x   0 
 =  kN
F3x   5.69 
   
   
F3x   5.69 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 27

 Axial Stresses:
11.38 kN
σ1 = −4
= 9.48 MPa
12 × 10 m 2

5.69 kN
σ2 = −4
= 9.48 MPa
6 × 10 m 2

5.69 kN
σ3 = −4
= 9.48 MPa
6 × 10 m 2

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 28

 A = 2 in2
E = 30 x 106 psi
y α = 7.0 x 10-6 (in/in)/oF
1
∆T = 75o F
(in element 1 only)

1
8 ft 2

2 6 ft 3

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 29

 0 0 0 0
For element 1:
[k ] = ( ( 6 
)
2) 30 × 10 0 1 0 − 1
Node 2 - i ( 8 × 12) 0 0 0 0
Node 1 - j  
 0 −1 0 1
θ = 90 o

cos θ = 0.0 f̂ 2 x  − EαTA 

sin θ = 1.0
{ fT } =   =  
f̂1x   EαTA 
− 31500 f̂ 2 x 
{ fT } =  = 
 31500  f̂1x 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 30

Convert Temperature force to global coordinates:

f 2xT  C − S 0 0  f̂ 2xT 

f     
 2yT   S C 0 0  f̂ 2yT 
f  =  
 1xT   0 0 C − S  f̂1xT 
f1yT   0 0 S C  f̂ 
   1yT 
f̂ 2  − 31500 f 2xT   0 
 xT    f   
f̂
 2yT   0   2yT  − 31500
 =  f  =  
f̂1xT   31500   1xT   0 
f̂   0  f1yT   31500 
 1yT   
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 31
 For element 2:
Node 3 - i Node 1 - j
θ = 180o-53.13o =126.87o
cos θ = -0.6 sin θ = 0.8
 0.36 − 0.48 − 0.36 0.48 

[k ] = ( ( 6 
)
2) 30 × 10  − 0.48 0.64 0 
− 0.64
( 10 × 12)  − 0.36 0 0.36 − 0.48
 
 0.48 − 0.64 − 0.48 0.64 
0 
{ fT } =  
0 
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 32
 Assembling Global Matrices:

 0.36 − 0.48 0 0 0 0 
 
 
− 0.48 1.89 0 − 1.25 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 
[ K ] = 0.50 ×106  

 0 − 1.25 0 1.25 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0.36 − 0.48
 
 
 0 0 0 0 − 0.48 0.64 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 33

 Assembling Global Matrices:

 0 
 
 
 31500 
 
 0 
 
{ fT } =  
− 31500
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 34

 B.C.
d1x = d 2 x = d 3 x = 0
d 2y = d 3y = 0
Solving
d1y = 0.0333 in
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 35
 Reaction Forces (Element 1):

{f̂ } = [ k̂ ] {d̂} − {f̂ } T

{d̂} = [T ]{d} *

( Eq. 3.1.14)
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 36
 Reaction Forces (Element 1):

 0 

 =
( )
f̂ 2 x  2 30 ×106  1 − 1 0 1 0 0  0  − 31500
 − 
   
( 8 ×12) − 1 1  0 0 0 1  0   31500 
 f̂1x 
0.0333
f̂ 2 x   10700 
 =  lb
 f̂1x  − 10700
σ1 = −5350 psi

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 37

 Reaction Forces (Element 2):

{f̂ } = [ k̂ ] {d̂} − {f̂ }

T

{d̂} = [T ]{d}
*

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 38

 Reaction Forces (Element 2):

 0 
( )
f̂ 2 x  2 30 ×10 6  1 − 1 − 0.6 0.8
 =
0 0   0  − 31500
−
 f̂1x  (10 ×12) − 1 1   0 0 − 0.6 0.8  0   31500 
    
0.0333
f̂ 2 x  − 13310
 =  lb
 f̂1x   13310 
σ1 = 6660 psi

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 39

 t = 5 mm
∆T = +50o C E = 210 GPa
ν = 0.30
4 α = 12.0 x 10-6 (mm/mm)/oC
3
3

4 500 mm
5 2

1 2

500 mm
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 40
 Element 1:
x1 = 0.00 y 1 = 0.00
x 2 = 0.50 y 2 = 0.00
x 5 = 0.25 y 5 = 0.25
β1 = y 2 − y 5 = −0.25
β 2 = y 5 − y 1 = 0.25
β5 = y1 − y 2 = 0
γ 1 = x 5 − x 2 = −0.25
γ 2 = x1 − x 5 = −0.25
γ 5 = x 2 − x1 = +0.50

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 41

 Element 1

β1 0 β 2 0 β5 0
1  
[ B] =  0 γ 1 0 γ2 0 γ5 
2A
 γ 1 β1 γ 2 β2 γ 5 β 5 
 − 0.25 0 0.25 0 0 0
1  
[ B] =  0 − 0.25 0 − 0.25 0 0.5
0.125
 − 0.25 − 0.25 − 0.25 0.25 0.5 0 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 42

 1 ν 0 
 
[ D] = E ν 1 0 
(1− ν )
2
1 − ν 
0 0 2 
 1 .3 0 
[ D] = 210 × 10 9
 . 3 1 0 
( 0.91)  
 0 0 0.35

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 43

 Element 1
[ k ] = t A [ B] T [ D][ B]

 8.4375 4.0625 − 4.0625 − 0.3125 − 4.375 − 3.75

 4.0625 8.4375 0.3125 4. 0625 − 4 . 375 − 12 . 5 
 
 − 4.0625 0.3125 8.4375 − 4.0625 − 4.375 3.75 
[k ] =  
 − 0. 3125 4 . 0625 − 4 . 0625 8. 4375 4 . 375 − 12 . 5 
 − 4.375 − 4.375 − 4.375 4.375 8.75 0 
 
 − 3.75 − 12.5 3.75 − 12.5 0 25 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 44

 Element 2
x 2 = 0.50 y 2 = 0.00
x 3 = 0.50 y 3 = 0.50
x 5 = 0.25 y 5 = 0.25
β 2 = 0.25
β 3 = 0.25
β 5 = −0.5
γ 2 = −0.25
γ 3 = 0.25
γ5 = 0

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 45

 Element 2
[ k ] = t A [ B] T [ D][ B]

 8.4375 − 4.0625 4.0625 − 0.3125 − 12.5 4.375 

 − 4.0625 8.4375 0.3125 − 4.0625 3.75 − 4.375
 
 4.0625 0.3125 8.4375 4.0625 − 12.5 − 4.375
[k ] =  
 − 12 . 5 − 4 . 0625 4. 0625 8. 4375 − 3 . 75 − 4. 375 
 − 4.375 3.75 − 12.5 − 3.75 25 0 
 
 4.375 − 4.375 − 4.375 − 4.375 0 8.75 

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 46

Continue process for elements 3 and 4.
Calculate thermal force matrices for each element:

 βi 
γ 
 i
α Et T   βj 
{fT } =  
2( 1 − ν )  γ j 
βm 
 

γ m 
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 47
Thermal force matrices for each elements 1 & 2:

 −112500  + 112500 
 −112500  −112500 
   

+ 112500  
+ 112500 
{f }
1
T =

 {f } 2
T =


 −112500  + 112500 
 0  − 225000
   

+ 225000 
 0 


10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 48

 Thermal force matrices for elements 3 & 4:

+ 112500   −112500 
+ 112500  + 112500 
   

−112500  
 −112500 
{f } 3
T =

 {f } 4
T =


+ 112500   −112500 
 0  + 225000
   

− 225000 
 0 


10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 49

 Global Thermal Force Matrix:
f T1x  − 225000
f   
 T1 y   − 225000 
f T 2 x  + 225000
   
f T 2 y  − 225000

f T 3 x 
 
+ 225000
{f }
T =
f
=
+ 225000


 T3y   
f T 4 x  − 225000
   
f T 4 y  + 225000
f T 5 x   0 
   
  
f T 5 y   0 


10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 50

 B.C.
d1x = d 4 x = 0
d1y = d 4 y = 0

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 51

 d1x   0 
d   
 1y   0 
d 2 x  + 3.327 ×10 −4 
   −4 
d 2 y   −1.911×10 
d 
 3x    3 .327 ×10 −4 

{ d} =   =  −4 
m
Solving: d 3y   1.911×10 
d 4 x   0 
   
d 4 y   0 
d 5 x   2.123 ×10 −4 
   
 
 6.654 ×10 
−9

d 5 y  

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 52

 Stresses:

{σ} = [ D][ B]{d} − [ D]{εT }

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 53

 Stresses:
 d ix 
d 
 σx  1 ν 0  βi 0 βj 0 βm 0   iy 

      d jx 

E 0  1 0
 σy  = ν 1 γi 0 γj 0 γ m 
τ  (
1 − ν 2
)  1 − ν  2A 
γi βi γj βj γ m βm 
d

jy 
 xy  0 0 2    d mx 
 

 my 
d 
1 ν 0 α∆T
  
− E  ν 1 0  α∆T
(
1 − ν2  )
0 0

1 − ν  0 

 2  

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 54

 Stresses:
Element 1:
 σx  + 1.800 × 10 8  + 1.800 × 10 8   0 
   8  8  7
σ
 y = + 1 .342 × 10 −
  + 1 .800 × 10 =
  − 4 .57 × 10  Pa
τ  − 1.600 × 107   0  − 1.60 × 10 7 
 xy       

Element 2:
 σx  + 1.640 × 10 8  + 1.800 × 10 8   − 1.60 × 10 7 
   8  8  7
 σy  = + 2.097 × 10  − + 1.800 × 10  = − 2.973 × 10  Pa
τ   − 2150   0   − 2150 
 xy       

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 55

 Stresses:
Element 3:
 σx  + 1.800 × 10 8  + 1.800 × 10 8   0 
   8  8  7
 σy  = + 1.342 × 10  − + 1.800 × 10  = − 4.57 × 10  Pa
τ  + 1.600 × 10 7   0   1.60 × 107 
 xy       

Element 4:
 σx  + 1.960 × 10 8  + 1.800 × 10 8   + 1.60 × 10 7 
   8  8  7
 σy  = + 5.880 × 10  − + 1.800 × 10  = − 1.212 × 10  Pa
τ   − 2150   0   + 2150 
 xy       

10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 56