Weather

Hello!

I am Husein Mubarak
I am here because I would love to give a presentation on weather.
You can find me at @[Link]

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Transition headline
Let’s start with the first set of slides

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 “
Wherever you go, no matter what the weather,
always bring your own sunshine.

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Key
Questions
★ How are weather data
collected?
★ How can the data be used to
describe weather?
★ How to graphs and other
diagrams show weather data?

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 Big concept
Weather elements

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Weather elements

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 Weather elements
Element Instrument Unit

1. Temperature thermometer Degrees celsius

2. Rainfall Rain gauge Millimeters

3. Wind speed Anemometer km/hr

4. Wind direction Wind vane Compass direction

5. Air pressure Barometer Millibars

6. Humidity Wet and dry bulb Percentage

thermometer

7. Cloud cover Eyes Oktas

8. Sunshine Sunshine recorder Hours

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 Temperature
Temperature is measured in
Celsius (°C) using a digital
thermometer. The
thermometers can be placed in
a Stevenson Screen to make
sure that the temperature is
taken in a shady environment
Temperature range refers to
the difference between the
highest temperature recorded
and the lowest temperature
recorded.
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 Precipitation
Precipitation is measured
using a rain gauge. The rain
gauge is usually anchored in
the ground with the top of the
gauge around 30cm above the
ground surface to ensure that
rain splash does not affect the
results. The depth of the rain
in millimetres can be read
from the side of the container.

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How information
about the amount
of rainfall is ★ A rain gauge will be used to collect
collected at a information on the amount of rainfall.
weather station. ★ It can be a manual or digital rain gauge.
★ The rain gauge is placed in an open area
away from prison buildings.
★ The rainwater collects in the rain gauge.
★ The measurements are taken after 24
hours.
★ These results can be sent to a remote
computer for analysing.

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 Wind direction
Wind direction is reported
by the direction it is blowing
from, according to the
compass. Wind blowing
from the west is travelling
eastwards so is called a
westerly wind, not an
easterly wind. Wind
direction is often observed
using a wind vane.

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 Wind speed
Wind speed can be measured
using an anemometer. The
anemometer should be held at
arm’s length, above the head so
that the cups can rotate
without any interference. The
strength of the wind is
measured in knots or m/s or
km/hr.

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Air pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the

weight of air pressing down on us.
Air is light but because there is so
much of it above us, it exerts
pressure on us. Atmospheric
pressure is measured by a
barometer. The units used are
millibars.
The greater the reading, the higher
the pressure. Normal pressure is
1000 Mb with a reading above this
being regarded as high pressure
and a reading below is regarded as
low pressure.

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Cloud cover

Clouds come in many different types. Often

the type of cloud can help us to understand
what type of weather is moving across an area.

Clouds are categorised according to height

and shape. The different categories of clouds
are then given names based on Latin words,
e.g. nimbus clouds bring rain, stratus clouds
appear as layers.

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The main types of
clouds

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 Stratus clouds
These are layered
clouds that are low,
grey and shapeless
and usually are like a
blanket of clouds over
an area. They can
bring some drizzle and
rain

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 Cumulus clouds
These are clouds that
move quite quickly.
They are white and
fluffy and look like
cotton wool. They can
bring rain showers –
especially when the
base is grey.

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Cumulonimbus clouds
These are much deeper
clouds that climb high
into the atmosphere.
They often contain a lot
of heavy rain and are
associated with
thunder and lightning
storms.

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 Cirrus clouds
These are very
high clouds that
are wispy and
made up of ice
crystals.

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 Measuring cloud
cover
Cloud cover is observed (not measured) in units called
oktas. Each okta represents one-eighth of the sky
covered by clouds.

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Sunshine
The number of hours of sunshine is measured
using the Campbell sunshine recorder. This is a
glass sphere partly surrounded by a metal frame.
A special card divided into hours and minutes is
placed below the sphere.
When the sun shines the sphere focuses the sun's
rays on the card, as the sun moves the rays burn a
trace on the card.
This card is replaced every day

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Humidity
★ This is the amount of Absolute humidity is
water vapour in the
100%
atmosphere.
★ Humidity is measured The difference between
using the dry and wet the dry-bulb
bulb thermometer.
★ Humidity is recorded in thermometer
percentage. temperature and the
★ Relative humidity is the wet-bulb thermometer
amount of water vapour temperature is known as
in the atmosphere in
relation to what the air
depression.
can actually hold.

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Give advantages
of using digital
weather ★ They are more accurate and precise.
instruments ★ They are quicker and easier to use.
rather than ★ There is less chance of human error.
traditional ones. ★ They can automatically plot results.
★ Most of them are portable.
★ Most of them are less fragile.
★ They can send data to a computer.
★ Some can measure more than one element of
weather.
★ They collect data continuously

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The Stevenson
screen

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Characteristics
of the Stevenson
screen
★ Is painted white to reflect heat.
★ The sides have louvres or ventilation for free circulation
of air.
★ Air can circulate.
★ The box is wooden to prevent the conduction of heat.
★ It has a roof to prevent direct sunlight.
★ It stands 1 m above the ground to prevent the
instruments from giving the ground temperature.
★ The door is open to the north in the Northern
hemisphere and to the South in the Southern
hemisphere to avoid direct sun rays

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Location of
stevenson ★ It is located in an open area away
screen
from trees and buildings to avoid
sheltering it.
★ It is placed on the grass surface
because grass does not absorb
heat.
★ Located away from the public to
prevent tampering and vandalism

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Explain why the
instruments used
to collect ★ They are protected from direct sunlight.
information about ★ They are protected from the direct impact of
temperature and the wind.
humidity are kept ★ The Stevenson screen allows them to give air
in a Stevenson
temperature and not ground temperature.
screen.
★ They are secure from tampering/protected
from people/animals.
★ Does not conduct heat.
★ Free flow of air/ventilation.
★ Reflects/does not absorb the sun's rays etc.

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How a wind vane
is used to
measure wind Wind vane:
direction and an ★ The arrow of the wind vane rotates around.
anemometer is ★ The arrow points to the direction the wind is blowing from.
used to measure ★ Observe the direction at regular intervals using the compass
Direction
wind speed.
Anemometer:
★ The cups are on the anemometer catch wind and rotate.
★ The stronger the wind the faster the rotation.
★ The speed of wind is observed on a digital platform
attached to the anemometer.
★ The speed of wind is recorded in kilometres per hour at a
regular interval.

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A weather station

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Factors
considered ★ It should be an open place away from
when siting buildings and vegetation.
a weather ★ The surface should be flat or gently
station sloping.
★ The surface should be grass and not
concrete because it absorbs heat.
★ The area should be fenced for security
purposes.
★ The Stevenson screen doors should be
open away from direct sunlight.

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How a student
could observe
★ The students should observe cloud cover several
and record
cloud types times a day like in the morning, afternoon and
and amounts evening but at a specific time throughout the
at their school week.
★ The students look up in the sky.
★ Using the identification chart the students
identify the type and extent of cloud cover.
★ They can estimate the cloud cover using a grid to
look through.
★ They record the names and types of cloud cover
in a chart.
★ The student record the cloud cover in oktas.

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 Measuring
temperature
★ The thermometer is
placed in the Stevenson
screen.
★ The thermometer is left
for 24 hours.
★ The readings for
maximum and minimum
temperatures are made at
the metal index position.

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Measuring
humidity ★ Observe humidity at ★ Work out the
set times during the difference between the
day. dry-bulb and the wet-
★ Use the dry and wet bulb thermometer.
bulb thermometer to ★ Use the relative
record humidity. humidity table- this is
★ Determine the called the depression.
★ Read the value where
temperatures of both
the dry bulb
the dry bulb and the
temperature intersects
wet-bulb with the depression.
thermometer.

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Radial/radar
graphs ★ They are sometimes called rose chats-
they are central points where data radiates
outwards.
★ The windows can be a good example for
showing the frequency of wind from a
particular direction.
★ The number of days without wind are
shown at the centre.
★ The longer the bar the more frequent the
wind.

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 Thanks!

Any questions?
You can find me at @[Link]
[Link]

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