Operating System
Basic components of a computer system:
place of OS
• A computer system can be divided into four
components
• Hardware – provides basic computing
and storage resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of
hardware among various
applications and users
• Application programs –solve the
problems of the users: use system
resources
• Word processors, compilers, web
browsers, database systems, video
games
• Users
• People, machines, other computers
What is an operating system?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a User/
users/applications and the computer hardware User/
Application
User/
Application
Application
• Operating system functionalities
• Start, terminate, control executing user programs OS
• Make system convenient to use
• Control and coordinate use of hardware
• Perform I/O; setup devices HW
• Allocate resources
• Use hardware efficiently
• Implement common services
CPU, Memory,
Devices
“operating system” term: software helping operators of
computers to run jobs (applications) and to operate the
computer.
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Operating System Definition (as a software)
• Kernel is central component of an operating system that
manages operations of computer and hardware. It basically
manages operations of memory and CPU time.
• It is core component of an operating system. Kernel acts as a
bridge between applications and data processing performed
at hardware level using inter-process communication and
system calls.
• Kernel loads first into memory when an operating system is
loaded and remains into memory until operating system is
shut down again.
• It is responsible for various tasks such as disk management,
task management, and memory management.
Computer System Organization and
Operation
Computer System Organization
• Computer-system operation ()
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to shared
memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
Network
cable
Network
adapter
Bus
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Computer system operation:
I/O and device interaction
• I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently
• Each device controller has a local buffer
• Data movement (I/O) between device and local buffer (by device)
• Data movement between memory and local buffer (by CPU)
• Device controller
informs CPU that it
has finished its
current output operation
or it has some input data
by causing
an interrupt
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Computer System Organization
• BUS: A collections of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to
an other part of a computer.
• it connects all the internal component of computer to the CPU to main memory.
• There are three types of Bus
1. Control Bus
2. Address Bus
3. Data Bus
Types
• Address bus - carries memory addresses from
the processor to other components such as
primary storage and input/output devices. ...
• Data bus - carries the data between the
processor and other components. ...
• Control bus - carries control signals from the
processor to other components.
What is interrupt?
• An interrupt is a signal emitted by a device attached to a computer or from a program within the
computer. It requires the operating system (OS) to stop and figure out what to do next. An interrupt
temporarily stops or terminates a service or a current process.
Types of interrupts
• There are two types of interrupts
• Hardware interrupts
• The interrupt signal generated from external devices and i/o devices are made interrupt to CPU
when the instructions are ready.
• For example − In a keyboard if we press a key to do some action this pressing of the keyboard
generates a signal that is given to the processor to do action, such interrupts are called hardware
interrupts.
• Software interrupts
• The interrupt signal generated from internal devices and software programs need to access any
system call then software interrupts are present.
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Goals of operating system
• Provide user interface
• Manage hardware resources
• Start and shutdown a computer
• Configure system devices
• Manage computer memory
• Coordinates different task within a system
• Establish and manage internet connections
Characteristics of operating system
• User friendly
• Keep track the status of each resource in a system
• Allows shearing of system resources include software and hardware
• Provides strong security features
• Convenient to use.
• Scheduling
• Errors handling
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