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Destructive Testing Methods Overview

This document discusses various destructive material tests: 1. Tensile tests measure properties like yield stress, tensile strength, ductility, and modulus of elasticity. Tensile tests predict material behavior under uniaxial tension. 2. Compression tests determine a material's response to crushing and measure compressive strength. The stress-strain curve from compression tests shows linear elastic behavior and plastic deformation. 3. Impact tests measure the energy absorbed when a test sample fractures at high velocity, indicating material toughness. Izod and Charpy tests simulate different impact conditions. 4. Hardness tests measure a material's resistance to surface indentation. Common hardness tests include Rockwell, Brin

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Nur Aliya Zahra
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11 views15 pages

Destructive Testing Methods Overview

This document discusses various destructive material tests: 1. Tensile tests measure properties like yield stress, tensile strength, ductility, and modulus of elasticity. Tensile tests predict material behavior under uniaxial tension. 2. Compression tests determine a material's response to crushing and measure compressive strength. The stress-strain curve from compression tests shows linear elastic behavior and plastic deformation. 3. Impact tests measure the energy absorbed when a test sample fractures at high velocity, indicating material toughness. Izod and Charpy tests simulate different impact conditions. 4. Hardness tests measure a material's resistance to surface indentation. Common hardness tests include Rockwell, Brin

Uploaded by

Nur Aliya Zahra
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 3

Destructive Test
Prepare by: Mdm Nurulhuda Arifin
3.1 Tensile Test
 Tensile properties often measured during development of
new materials and processes  different materials and
processes can be compared
 used to predict the behaviour of a material under forms of
loading under uniaxial tension

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1. To confirm the stress necessary to cause plastic
deformation
2. The maximum stress that the material can withstand

appropriate caution (in the form of safety factors) in engineering


design

3. Measure ductility  measure of how much it can be


deformed before it fractures

to ensure quality and toughness in engineering design


Tensile Specimen

Various ways of gripping


the specimen:

Figure: Round specimens,


include threaded grips (a),
serrated wedges (b), and for
butt end specimens, split
collars constrained by a solid
collar (c). Sheet specimens
may be gripped with pins (d)
or serrated wedges (e)
Properties obtained from Tensile Test

Figure: (a) A standard tensile-test specimen before and after pulling, showing
original and final gage lengths. (b) A tensile-test sequence showing different
stages in the elongation of the specimen.
1. Yield Stress (Y):
- Stress at which specimen undergo to
plastic deformation
- Point of offset (0.2% elongation)

2. Tensile strength / Ultimate


Tensile Strength (UT)
- Highest applied force @ maximum
stress on stress-strain curve

3. Ductility

i. Elongation = (l – l0) X 100


Figure: A typical stress-strain curve obtained l0
from a tension test

4. Tensile Toughness
- Energy absorbed by a material to fracture
- Measure by area of under the stress-strain curve
5. Modulus Elasticity, E / Young’s Modulus

- Show elastic properties behavior


- Slope of elastic portion of the curve  stiffness of material
- Higher E, higher load to stretch specimen
- Modulus related to binding energy (energy require to separate atom & cause
material to stretch elastically)

 Metallic material  depend on orientation of a single crystal


material
 Ceramics  level of porosity
 Composites  stiffness & amounts individual components

Figure; Comparison elastic


behavior steel & aluminum. For a
given stress, aluminum deform
elastically three times compare
than steel.
3.2 Compression Test

o To determine a material’s response to crushing condition


o When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are
crushed
o Compressive strength is often measured on a universal testing
machine
Properties obtained from Compression
Test
 There is a linear region
 terminates the yield point

 Above this point the material behaves


plastically and will not return to its original
length once the load is removed

 On compression, the specimen will


shorten. The material will tend to spread in
and hence increase the cross sectional
area.
Hooke's Law:

σ = Εε
Application Compression Test
Compression Testing of Springs

 industrial appliances such as pumps, regulators, and pressure sensitive


switches
 manufacturers will specify the desired spring characteristics (spring rate,
load at height, etc) and acceptable tolerances
3.3 Impact Test
Function Of Impact Test:

 determines the energy absorbed while


fracturing the test sample at high
velocity

 absorbed energy  measure of a


given material's toughness

Fig 1: Impact Test machine

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Izod Vs. Charpy

Fig 2: The piece to be tested is Fig3: The orientation of the piece is


held vertically and the impact horizontal and the impact is opposite
contacts the piece on the notched the notch side. This test simulates a
side. high speed flexural test (three point
bend) of the material.

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3.4 Hardness Test

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Fig1 : General characteristics of hardness-testing methods and formulas for
calculating hardness.

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Chapter 3
- end..

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