PART1 : DATABASES & DATABASE USERS
Lecture Series By :
Er. Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa
Deptt. of CSE & IT
For downloading slides of DBMS, Visit :
WEBSITE : [Link], [Link]
Homepage:
[Link]
Database System Concepts DBMS by Er. [Link]
1.1 © 2006 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
PART1 : DATABASES & DATABASE USERS
■ Purpose of Database Systems
■ View of Data
■ Data Models
■ Data Definition Language
■ Data Manipulation Language
■ Database Administrator
■ Database Users
■ Overall System Structure
Database System Concepts 1.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Database Management System (DBMS)
■ Collection of interrelated data
■ Set of programs to access the data
■ DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
■ DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient
and efficient to use.
■ Database Applications:
★ Banking: all transactions
★ Airlines: reservations, schedules
★ Universities: registration, grades
★ Sales: customers, products, purchases
★ Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain
★ Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
■ Databases touch all aspects of our lives
Database System Concepts 1.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Purpose of Database System
■ In the early days, database applications were built on top of
file systems
■ Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
★ Data redundancy and inconsistency
✔ Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
★ Difficulty in accessing data
✔ Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
★ Data isolation — multiple files and formats
★ Integrity problems
✔ Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become
part of program code
✔ Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
Database System Concepts 1.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)
■ Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
★ Atomicity of updates
✔ Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with
partial updates carried out
✔ E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should
either complete or not happen at all
★ Concurrent access by multiple users
✔ Concurrent accessed needed for performance
✔ Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
– E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at
the same time
★ Security problems
■ Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
Database System Concepts 1.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Levels of Abstraction
■ Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is
stored.
■ Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end;
■ View level: application programs hide details of data types.
Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security
purposes.
Database System Concepts 1.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
View of Data
An architecture for a database system
Database System Concepts 1.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
What is a Database System
■ A Database System is essentially a
computerized recordkeeping system.
■ A databasemanagement system (DBMS)
consists of a collection of interrelated data and
a set of programs to access those data.
■ Database systems are designed to manage large
volume of information.
Database System Concepts 1.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
File Organization : Terms and Concepts
Data Hierarchy in a Computer System
■ Database: Group of
related files
■ File: Group of records of
same type
■ Record: Group of
related fields
■ Field: Group of words or
a complete number
■ Byte: Group of bits that
represents a single
character
■ Bit: Smallest unit of
data; binary digit (0,1)
Database System Concepts 1.9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
File Organization : Terms and Concepts
■ Entity: Person, place, thing, event about which
information is maintained
■ Attribute: Description of a particular entity
■ Key Field: Identifier field used to retrieve, update, sort a
record
Database System Concepts 1.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
File Organization : Terms and Concepts
Problems with the Traditional
File Environment Traditional File Processing
■ Data redundancy
■ ProgramData
dependence
■ Lack of flexibility
■ Poor security
■ Lack of datasharing
and availability
■ No concurrency
control
Database System Concepts 1.11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
DBMS and its Advantages
• A Database Management System is a collection of programs
that enables users to create and maintain a database. It is a
general purpose software system that facilitates processes of
defining, constructing and manipulating databases for various
applications.
• Advantages of Database approach
• Controlling Redundancy
• Restricting Unauthorized access
• Providing persistent storage for program objects and data structures
• Permitting inference and actions using deduction rules
• Providing multiple user interface
• Representing complex relationships among data
• Enforcing integrity constraints and providing backup and recovery
Database System Concepts 1.12 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Database Management System (DBMS)
■ Acts as an interface
between the application
programs and physical
data files.
■ Separates logical and
physical views of data
■ Eliminates redundancy of
data
■ Creates and maintains
databases
■ Enforces data security
Database System Concepts 1.13 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
DBMS Architecture
• Internal Schema :
Describes physical storage
structure of database
• Conceptual Schema :
Describes structure of
whole database for a
community of users.
• External Schema :
Each view describes that
part of database that a
particular user requires, and
hides the rest.
Database System Concepts 1.14 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
DBMS Architecture
• Data Independence
Logical data independence : capacity to change
conceptual schema without having to change external
schema.
Physical data independence : capacity to change internal
schema without changing conceptual schema.
Database System Concepts 1.15 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Functions of DBMS
• Data definition: Specifies content and structure of
database and defines each data element
• Data manipulation: Manipulates data in a database
• Data security and integrity: Monitors user requests and
rejects any unauthorized attempts
• Data recovery and concurrency: Enforces certain controls
for recovery and concurrency
• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of data elements, and
data characteristics
• Performance: Functions should be performed efficiently
Database System Concepts 1.16 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Requirements of a DBMS
Key elements in a database
environment:
• Data Administration
• Data Planning and Modeling
Methodology
• Database Technology and
Management
• Users
Database System Concepts 1.17 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Instances and Schemas
■ Similar to types and variables in programming languages
■ Schema – the logical structure of the database
★ e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and
accounts and the relationship between them
★ Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
★ Physical schema: database design at the physical level
★ Logical schema: database design at the logical level
■ Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time
★ Analogous to the value of a variable
■ Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema
without changing the logical schema
★ Applications depend on the logical schema
★ In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components
should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously
influence others.
Database System Concepts 1.18 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Data Models
■ A collection of tools for describing
★ data
★ data relationships
★ data semantics
★ data constraints
■ EntityRelationship model
■ Relational model
■ Other models:
★ objectoriented model
★ semistructured data models
★ Older models: network model and hierarchical
model
Database System Concepts 1.19 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
EntityRelationship Model
Example of schema in the entityrelationship model
Database System Concepts 1.20 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)
■ ER model of real world
★ Entities (objects)
✔ E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch
★ Relationships between entities
✔ E.g. Account A101 is held by customer Johnson
✔ Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts
■ Widely used for database design
★ Database design in ER model usually converted to design in the
relational model (coming up next) which is used for storage and
processing
Database System Concepts 1.21 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Relational Model
Attributes
■ Example of tabular data in the relational model
customer customer customer account
Customerid
name street city number
192837465 Johnson
Alma Palo Alto A101
019283746 Smith
North Rye A215
192837465 Johnson
Alma Palo Alto A201
321123123 Jones
Main Harrison A217
019283746 Smith
North Rye A201
Database System Concepts 1.22 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
A Sample Relational Database
Database System Concepts 1.23 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Data Definition Language (DDL)
■ Specification notation for defining the database schema
★ E.g.
create table account (
accountnumber char(10),
balance integer)
■ DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data
dictionary
■ Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)
★ database schema
★ Data storage and definition language
✔ language in which the storage structure and access methods
used by the database system are specified
✔ Usually an extension of the data definition language
Database System Concepts 1.24 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
■ Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by
the appropriate data model
★ DML also known as query language
■ Two classes of languages
★ Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get
those data
★ Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without
specifying how to get those data
■ SQL is the most widely used query language
Database System Concepts 1.25 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
SQL
■ SQL: widely used nonprocedural language
★ E.g. find the name of the customer with customerid 192837465
select [Link]name
from customer
where [Link]id = ‘192837465’
★ E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the customer with
customerid 192837465
select [Link]
from depositor, account
where [Link]id = ‘192837465’ and
[Link]number = [Link]number
■ Application programs generally access databases through one of
★ Language extensions to allow embedded SQL
★ Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow SQL
queries to be sent to a database
Database System Concepts 1.26 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Database Users
■ Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with
the system
■ Application programmers – interact with system through DML
calls
■ Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query
language
■ Specialized users – write specialized database applications that
do not fit into the traditional data processing framework
■ Naïve users – invoke one of the permanent application programs
that have been written previously
★ E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers,
clerical staff
Database System Concepts 1.27 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Database Administrator
■ Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the
database administrator has a good understanding of the
enterprise’s information resources and needs.
■ Database administrator's duties include:
★ Schema definition
★ Storage structure and access method definition
★ Schema and physical organization modification
★ Granting user authority to access the database
★ Specifying integrity constraints
★ Acting as liaison with users
★ Monitoring performance and responding to changes in
requirements
Database System Concepts 1.28 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Overall System Structure
Database System Concepts 1.29 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Application Architectures
Twotier architecture: E.g. client programs using ODBC/JDBC to
communicate with a database
Threetier architecture: E.g. webbased applications, and
applications built using “middleware”
Database System Concepts 1.30 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
PART1 : DATABASES & DATABASE USERS
Lecture Series By :
Er. Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa
Deptt. of CSE & IT
For downloading slides of DBMS, Visit :
WEBSITE : [Link], [Link]
Homepage:
[Link]
Database System Concepts DBMS by Er. [Link]
1.31 © 2006 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan