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Blackbody and Gray Body Radiation Laws

- A blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation that emits radiation uniformly in all directions. It completely absorbs incident radiation regardless of wavelength or direction. - A gray body is less than a perfect emitter/absorber, with emissivity and absorptivity that are independent of wavelength. - The Stefan-Boltzmann law describes the total radiation emitted from a blackbody, while Wien's law describes the wavelength of peak emission based on temperature. - Kirchhoff's law states that the emissivity of a surface is equal to its absorptivity at the same temperature.

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46 views10 pages

Blackbody and Gray Body Radiation Laws

- A blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation that emits radiation uniformly in all directions. It completely absorbs incident radiation regardless of wavelength or direction. - A gray body is less than a perfect emitter/absorber, with emissivity and absorptivity that are independent of wavelength. - The Stefan-Boltzmann law describes the total radiation emitted from a blackbody, while Wien's law describes the wavelength of peak emission based on temperature. - Kirchhoff's law states that the emissivity of a surface is equal to its absorptivity at the same temperature.

Uploaded by

Nikhil
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
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Radiation Heat Transfer

Blackbody Radiation

• A blackbody is defined as a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation.


At a specified temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more
energy than a blackbody.
• A blackbody is a diffuse emitter which means it emits radiation
uniformly in all direction. Also a blackbody absorbs all incident
radiation regardless of wavelength and direction.
Blackbody Radiation

• A Black body completely absorbs the incident radiation irrespective of


its wavelength. It does not reflects any radiation
• A blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. At a
specified temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more
energy than a blackbody. The emissivity of black body ε= 1
• A blackbody is a diffuse emitter which means it emits radiation
uniformly in all direction. Also a blackbody absorbs all incident
radiation regardless of wavelength and direction.
Gray Body
• Any real substance emits (or absorbs) less radiation than a blackbody
at the same temperature. Also the emissivity and the absorptivity of a
real substance may vary with its temperature or the wavelength of
the radiation emitted or absorbed.
• A gray body is defined as a substance whose emissivity and
absorptivity are independent of wavelength.
• A gray body is also an ideal body, but its ɛ and α values are both less
than unity..
Figure shows qualitatively the nature
of dependence of monochromatic
emissive power of a blackbody, a
gray body, and a real surface upon
the wavelength of radiation
Laws of Radiation
• The radiation energy emitted by a blackbody per unit time and
per unit surface area can be determined from the Stefan-
Boltzmann Law:

Eb = σ T 4
σ = 5.67 x 10 -8 W/ m2 K4
• where T is the absolute temperature of the surface in K and Eb
is called the blackbody emissive power. A large cavity with a
small opening closely resembles a blackbody.
• The peak of the curve
shifted towards shorter
wavelength side as T
increases

Variation of blackbody emissive power with wavelength


• Spectral blackbody emissive power (monochromatic emissive
power) is the amount of radiation energy emitted by a
blackbody at an absolute temperature T per unit time, per unit
surface area, and per unit wavelength.

Eb,λ =monochromatic
emissive power of black
body
λ =wavelength of
monochromatic radiation
emitted
T- absolute temp of black
body
h-planck’’s constant
KB = Boltzman constant
C –velocity of light
The wavelength at which the peak emissive power occurs
for a given temperature can be obtained from Wien’s
displacement law:

λmaxT = 2897.8 µm.K

The integration of the spectral blackbody emissive power Ebλ


over the entire wavelength spectrum gives the total blackbody
emissive power

Eb(T) = λdλ = σ T4
The Stefan-Boltzmann law gives the total radiation emitted by
a blackbody at all wavelengths from 0 to infinity.
Kirchhoff’s Law Consider an isothermal cavity and a surface at
the same temperature T.
At the steady state (equilibrium)
thermal condition Gabs = α G = α σ T4
And
radiation emitted Eemit = ε σ T4
Since the small body is in thermal equilibrium,
Gabs = Eemit ε(T) = α(T)
• The total hemispherical emissivity of a surface at
temperature T is equal to its total hemi-spherical
absorptivity for radiation coming from a blackbody at the
same temperature T. This is called the Kirchhoff’s law.

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