What is PHILOSOPHY?
According to Santiago, 1996, In popular mind it
is something obscure, weird an idiosyncratic. It
has a dynamic meaning, drawing out its relevance
from its own time and event.
Etymological definition
The term philosophy
was first coined by
Pythagoras, a Greek
Philosopher. Came from
the Greek words;, philos
(love) and sophia
(wisdom) “Love of/for
wisdom”
Concept of love
❑Eros
-Sexual desire
(intimate love)
❑Philia
- Love for family
(brotherly love)
❑Agape
-paternal love of God
(Christian love)
Essential definition
“Science of all
sciences”, Mother of all
science”, or the “Search
for the ultimate
meaning of reality”
Philosophy and other Sciences
❑Philosophy and Science
- These fields study nature and life
❑Philosophy and History
-These fields study about the past, present and future
❑Philosophy and Mathematics
-These fields provide theoretical concepts
❑Philosophy and Religion
-These fields study various beliefs
Importance of studying
Philosophy
develop a cultured, well-defined and well
-
rounded individual
Major Disciplines in Philosophy
❑Logic as the study of right and sound
reasoning
❑Epistemology as the study of the validity of
knowledge
❑Metaphysics seeks to explain the fundamental
concept of being
❑Aesthetics as the philosophical study of beauty
❑Cosmology deals with the study of real things in the
universe
❑Theodicy is the study of God and His nature
❑Social Philosophy as the study of human and their
relation to society
❑Ethics as the science of the morality of human acts
Notion of Ethics
Ethics from its Greek word ethos means a
characteristics way of doing things or body of
customs. Ethics, therefore, is a practical, is a
science which is meant to teach hoe human ought
to live.
Imperatives of Ethics
The practice of ethical/moral life implies
imperatives of the “sine qua non” of ethics
without which, ethics would collapse.
❑ Human Freedom
❑Existence of God
❑Immorality of the Soul
What is RULE?
Rules are instructions
that tell what we are
allowed to do and what
we are not allowed to do.
These are stated to help
us achieve success and
meet the common goals
in society.
Importance of Rule
❑Rules organize relations between individuals;
❑Rules make it clear what is right to do/follow in a
society and what are wrong to refrain from;
❑Rules provide opportunity to achieve personal and
societal goals;
❑Rules regulate various social institutions to fulfil
their integral roles for the common welfare.
It is of that people look at rules as restrictions
that curtail one of their precious rights; freedom.
But in fact life’s freedom would unlikely to be
enjoyed without rules.
What is MORAL?
Moral refer to the social, cultural and
religious beliefs or values practiced
overtime by an individual or group which
direct people to do what is customarily
allowable as right or refrain from those
that society prohibits as “taboo” or
wrong.
Moral principles:
❑Do not cheat
❑Be loyal
❑Be patient
❑Always tell the truth
❑Be generous
What is ETHICS?
Ethics is branch of philosophy that deals with
the principles of conduct of an individual or
group. It works as a guiding principle as to decide
what action to take either the good or the bad.
Ethical Principles:
❑Truthfulness/Honesty
❑Loyalty
❑Respect
❑Fairness
❑Integrity
Morals deal with what is “right or wrong”.
Ethics deals with what is “good or evil”
Morals are general guidelines framed by the
society e.g. we should speak truth. Ethics is a
response to a particular situation, e.g. is it ethical
to state the truth in a particular situation?
MORAL STANDARDS
These are set of norms in society in accord to moral
principles that supposed to determine about kind of
actions people believe are morally right and deter them
from doing what is considered as wrong. Moral
standards therefore are those laws or commands that
allow specifics actions to be committed or those that
disallow actions contrary to these norms.
Development of Moral Standard
During childhood, moral standards are absorbed
from family, friends and various societal
institutions as a positive regulating mechanism to
ensure that appropriate code of conduct is observed
among its members. Later in life experience
learning and intellectual development help a
person in complying with these standards and
eventually, upon which the individual comes up
with personal moral guide to achieving one’s goal
in life.
Characteristics of moral standards further
differentiate them from non-moral standards:
❑Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant benefits.
❑Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values.
❑Moral standards are not established by authority.
❑Moral standards have the trait of universalizability.
❑Moral standards are based on impartial considerations
❑Moral standards are associated with special emotions and
vocabulary.