BASIC
DRAWING
FREE HAND DRAWING
TECHNICAL TERMS
• Drafting – a method of drawing used by technical fields to
convey information about a product or design
• Freehand – drawn or executed by hand without guiding
instruments, measurements, or other aids.
• Drawing paper – Oslo paper is commonly
• Masking tape – This is used for fastening the drawing paper
on the drawing table
• Eraser – This is used to clean the dirt off the drawing
• Drawing Pencil – This is one of the most important tools in
drawing.
• Triangular Scale – Its main function is to reproduce the
measurement of an object
• T-square – a drawing instrument used when making
horizontal lines.
• Triangles – a drawing instruments used when making vertical
and inclined lines
• Compass – this drawing instrument is used when drawing
arcs and circles
• Divider – it is used when transferring measurements
• Protractor – It is used to determine gradations of the degrees
when measuring arcs, angles and circles
• Lines - a long, narrow mark or band
• Curve Lines - is the one that is not straight and is bent
• Vertical Lines - is one the goes straight up and down
• Horizontal Lines - is one which runs from left to right across the
page
• Inclined Lines - At an angle to the horizontal; slanted or
sloped.
• Stroke - move one's hand with gentle pressure over
• Tools - a device or implement, especially one held in the
hand, used to carry out a particular function
• Materials - the matter from which a thing is or can be made
• Equipment - the necessary items for a particular purpose
• Graphite - a gray crystalline allotropic form of carbon which
occurs as a mineral in some rocks and can be made from
coke. It is used as a solid lubricant, in pencils, and as a
moderator in nuclear reactors
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
Drawing Tools, Equipment and Materials
1. Drawing Paper- is manufactured in four colors, namely: white,
cream, light green and buff. It comes in different sizes of various sheet
thicknesses.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
2. Ruler- is used for marking out distances as well as for measuring
purposes.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
3. Pencil- is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from
7H which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of pencil is a mixture graphite,
clay and wax. The clay makes the lead hard. The harder the pencil is,
the lighter the line is produced.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
4. Drawing Table– may refer to any ordinary table found in a school
shop or in the home with convenient height that will make you
comfortable while working. Its main purpose is to provide you a place
where you can fasten your paper.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
5. Drawing Board- is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The
common size of drawing board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
6. T-square- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It
also supports the triangle for vertical or sloping line drawing.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
7. Triangle- is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45-
degree triangle and the 30-60-degree triangle.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
8. Drawing Tape-is used before any drawing activity is to be started.
the drawing paper has to be fastened on the drawing
board. The acceptable method of fastening is with the use of
tape.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
9. Eraser – has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum
of the two kinds of eraser the yellow art gum is better to use for it
correct errors easily and removes unwanted lines.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
10. Protractor- is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent
plastic and a half circle shape. It has two scales: the outside scale which
is from zero to 180 degrees going to the left and the inside scale which
is the opposite.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
11. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The
common kinds of compass are the pencil compass and the drawing
compass. The pencil compass has an opening for the pencil
while the drawing compass has a piece of lead fitted intone of its leg.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
12. French curve – is an instrument for drawing irregular curves
other than arcs and circles.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
13. Ruling Pen – is an instrument for inking drawings. It is
adjustable in order to produce thickness and thickness of lines.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
14. Divider- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.
Proper Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools and
Instruments
1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean.
2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger.
Keep your drawing tools and instruments in proper places
before and after using.
Basic consideration in freehand sketches
It is necessary to expose the learner in the different line exercises
as basic activities in freehand sketches. The following are the
forms of lines:
1. Horizontal line- It is a line parallel to the horizon or a line that
form 180 deg. It is drawn from left to right.
Basic consideration in freehand sketches
2. Vertical line- Is a line that can be obtained by suspending plumb
and this line form 90 degrees from the horizontal line. It is drawn
from top to bottom.
Basic consideration in freehand sketches
Inclined line- It is neither horizontal nor vertical line.
Curve line- A line produced by a circular movement
How to set-up the drawing tools and
materials
1 . Attached your T-Square on the edge of your table. Working
edge of T-Square must be straight. Set your drawing paper/oslo
paper and make sure it is align on the working edge of your T-
Square.
How to set-up the drawing tools and
materials
2. Use the triangle to check the alignment of the Oslo paper.
How to set-up the drawing tools and
materials
3. Fasten your Oslo paper using masking tape.
How to set-up the drawing tools and
materials
4. Fasten your Oslo paper using masking tape. Then you can
proceed to your task.
Trade Mathematic/ Measurement
• An understanding of measurement is essential for all parts of
manufacturing and production technology. Measurements must
be uniform so that people have common understanding and
application in the production and use of manufactured objects.
• Measuring tools are used for the purpose of measuring
dimensions, implementing any work with precision. The
measuring tools are also used largely for carrying out different
types of measurements.
Importance of Measuring Tools
Measuring tools are essential for examining a finished product or
semi- finished product. The inspection or examination operations
include checking, or testing an object based on the required
dimensions given on a diagram or a sketch. Measurements taken
must be accurate.
Different Measuring Tools
1. T-square- is used as guide in drawing horizontal lines and in
measuring up to 48” straight line.
2. Triangles- are used for drawing vertical and oblique lines. The
most commonly used triangles are the 45and the 30x 60.
Illustrations below show the proper use of drawing lines and
measuring angles using the T-square and triangle.
3. Ruler- is the most popular type of measuring tool. It is usually 6
or 12 inches in length. It is needed for measuring sizes and
distances.
4. Triangular Scale- is used in general drawing. Its main purpose is
to reproduce the dimension in full size or to reduce or enlarge
them on a drawing. Scales help a drafter keep the proportions
accurate.
5. Protractor- is used for measuring and setting of angles other
than those obtainable with the triangles.
6. Tape or tape ruler- is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging from
1/4" to 1" wide and 6 to about 300 feet in length, coiled inside a
carrying case. Metric tape ruler comes in comparable widths and
lengths up to 10 meters. It provides an easy means for accurately
measuring curved surfaces.
7. Compass- is used to draw circles, arcs, radii, and parts of many
symbols.
8. Divider- is similar to the compass in construction. As the name
implies, divider is used for dividing distances into a number of
equal parts by the trial-and-error method.
Two Systems Of Measurement
Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed.
Inaccurate measurement would mean waste of time, effort and
materials. The development of the skill in measuring starts with
the ability to read measurement
An orthographic or pictorial view of an object cannot be used as a
working guide in the construction of an object without complete
and accurate dimensions indicated in the drawing.
There are two systems of measurement: the English system which
originated in England and the Metric system or Systems
International (S.I) which originated in France.
The basic unit in the Systems International measurement is called
the meter. The meter is divided into 100 centimeters. Each
centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as
follows:
Millimeters mm
Centimeter cm
Decimeters dm
Meters m
In the English system, the inch is divided into 16 graduations and
the smallest graduation is read 1/16.
In the Systems International measurement, the meter is divided
into 10 millimeters. as shown below:
Metric System of Measurement
(linear equivalent)
•
• 10 millimeters (mm.) = 1centimeter (cm.)
• 10 centimeters (cm.) = 1 decimeter (dm.)
• 10 decimeter (dm.) = 1meter (m.)
• 10 meters (m.) = 1 decameter (Dm.)
• 10 decameter (Dm.) = 1 hectometer (Hm.)
• 10 hectometer (Hm.) = 1 kilometer (Km.)
• 10 kilometer (Km.) = 1 mayriameter (Mn.)
Metric System of Measurement
(linear equivalent)
• 12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)
• 3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard (yd.)
Metric Conversion Table
• 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches (in.)
• 1 centimeter = .3937 inches (in.)
• 1 meter = 39.37 inches (in.)
•
English Conversion Table
• 1 inch (in.) = .0254 mm. = 2.54 cm. = .0254 (m.)
• 1 foot (ft.) = 304.8 mm. = 30.48 cm = .3048 (m.)
• 1 yard (yd.) = 914.4 mm = 91.4 cm = .9144 (m.)
END OF DISCUSSION
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