Introduction to Limits
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Objectives:
We are expected to:
• define the limit of a function;
• distinguish the difference and similarity of and ;
• evaluate limits using a table of values; and
• evaluate the limit of a given function.
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Recall:
A given relation can be determine whether it is a
function or not through the following:
Values of the domain
Correspondence
Vertical line test
Equation
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Functions and Relations
Determine where the following is function or Not a function
x x
a a
b 1 1 b
c c
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Functions and Relations
Determine where the following is function or Not a function
Relationship of two sets of numbers
x where for every element in the first set
a
1
(domain) correspond a unique element in
b the second set (range)
2
c Functions can be either one-to-one (one
3
d input has one output) or many-to-one
(many inputs map onto the same output).
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Functions and Relations
In the ordered pairs or table
{( 1 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 3 ,6 ) }x x -1 0 1 2 5
y 3 7 11 15 27
{( 1 , 2 ) , ( 0 , 3 ) , (− 2 , 8 ) , ( −3 , 15 ) }
{( 1 , 2 ) , ( 0 ,− 3 ) , ( 0 , 4 ) , ( 0 , −17 ) } x x 1 0 1 2 0
y 4 6 -13 9 -4 x
{( 1 , 2 ) , ( 0 , 2 ) , ( − 2 ,2 ) , ( −3 ,2 ) }
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Functions and Relations
Using the vertical line test to identify functions
If the vertical line intersects the curve more than once, the graph does
not represent a function.
If the line does intersect the curve exactly once for a given set of inputs
(which does not need to be all real numbers), then the graph does
represent a function.
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Functions and Relations
Using the vertical line test to identify functions
x
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Functions and Relations
In the equation
If the exponent of the variable y is an even integers then it is not function
x
If the absolute value involves the variable y then it is not function
x
x
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Recall:
The value of the domain of a function will tell us that
the set of values of the range must be also real
numbers.
The idea of the value of the function in terms of exists if
belongs to the domain of .
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
If you can see everything except a single value, what do you
think is there?
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
The infinitesimal
The formal definition of limits
Limits are well-supported predictions. Here’s the official
definition:
means for all real there exists a real such that for all
with , we have
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Let us compare this with Math and common English
Math Common English
means When we “strongly predict” that ,
we mean
for all real For any error margin, we want
meters)
there exists a real There is a zoom level seconds)
such that for all with , we have Where the prediction stays
accurate with the error margin.
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
The Limits
The limit, to be denoted by L, is the unique real
value that will approach as approaches .
In symbol:
This is read, ‘‘The limit of as approaches is L.”
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
The Limits
3 10
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝟏 +𝟑 𝒙 ) 2.5 8.5
𝒙 →𝟐
2.2 7.6
2.1 7.3
x 2.03 7.09
2
2.005 7.015
2.0001 7.0003
2.00000001 7.00000003
2.00000000001 7.0000000003
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
The Limits
1 4
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝟏 +𝟑 𝒙 ) 1.4 5.2
𝒙 →𝟐
1.7 6.1
1.95 6.7
x 1.97 6.85
2
1.99 6.97
1.9999 6.97
1.999999 6.99997
1.99999999 6.99999997
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
The value of Limit
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝟏 +𝟑
𝒙 →𝟐
¿𝒙𝟕
)
Example
find the limit of as x approaches
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )¿ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝒙 𝟐 +𝟏)
𝒙 →− 𝟏 𝒙 →− 𝟏
¿ 𝟐
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
The limit of a polynomial functions
If is a polynomial function, then
¿ −9
¿ 19
¿0
¿ −12
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
The limit of a function involving absolute value
𝒍𝒊𝒎|𝒙 −
𝒙 →𝟐
¿𝟐 0|
How about the limit of a rational function?
𝒇 (𝒙 )
𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈 (𝒙)
Case 1:
Case 2:
Case 3:
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Examples
𝑥 2+12 𝑥+5 6𝑥 5 𝑥+3
𝑎. 𝑓 (𝑥 )= 2
𝑏 . 𝑔 ( 𝑥)= 2 𝑐 .h ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +2 𝑥 +3 𝑥+ 6
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 ¿
( 𝒙 )𝟓
𝒙 →𝟑
𝟏𝟖
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈¿
(𝒙)
𝒙 →𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒉¿
(𝒙)
𝟑
𝒙 →𝟑 𝟒
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Examples
𝒙 𝟐+ 𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒈 ( 𝒙)=
𝒙−𝟐
¿ 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈 ( 𝒙 )
𝒙 →𝟐
𝒙 𝟐+ 𝒙
𝒉 ( 𝒙 )=
𝒙 +𝟏
¿
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒉 ( 𝒙 ) −𝟏
𝒙 →− 𝟏
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Examples
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒙 −𝟔 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒙 +𝟒 𝒙 𝟐 −𝟗
𝒂 . 𝒇 ( 𝒙)= 𝒃 . 𝒈 ( 𝒙 )= 𝒄 . 𝒉 ( 𝒙 )= 𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙 −𝟓 𝒙 +𝟔
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 ¿
( 𝒙 )𝟓
𝒙 →𝟐
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈¿
( 𝒙−
) 𝟑
𝒙 →𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒉¿
( 𝒙 )𝟔
𝒙 →𝟑
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023
Elective Mathematics 10: Precalculus March 13 - 17, 2023