05/06/23
DVB-S
Theory and Concepts
1
Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
• Transmission of data containers
• Service Information acts as header to the container
• Key difference compared to other broadcasting systems
TIMING INFORMATION
• Good flexibility, e.g. a 38 Mbit/s container can hold
8 SDTV or 4 EDTV or 1 HDTV or a mixture
• Broadcasting services e.g. World Wide Web access
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Generic Model of the Digital Satellite Transmission Channel
Satellite Satellite Satellite
Baseband
Channel Transmission Channel Processing
Adaptation Channel Adaptation
Transmitter Receiver
Different building blocs:
Baseband processing, channel adaptation in the transmitter
In the receiver, the complementary operation take place
Functions not necessarily at the same location
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Baseband Processing: MPEG-2
Satellite Satellite Satellite
Baseband
Channel Transmission Channel
Processing
Adaptation Channel Adaptation
Transmitter Receiver
MPEG-2 standard adopted in DVB
=> Source coding of audio and video
=> Multiplexing source datastreams and ancillary
data
=> References: ETSI Technical Report (ETR154)
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Baseband Processing: Processing functions
Satellite
Channel
Block diagram of DVB(MPEG-2) Adaptation
baseband processor
Transmitter
Not all blocks are necessarily implemented
Programme, comprising
Access units related elementary streams
Elementary Stream Video
Packetizer
PES
Encoder
Programme Source
=>
Transport Multiplexer
Packetized Elementary Stream Audio
Encoder
Packetizer
PES
=> PES from
other
TS
Data PES
Transport Stream Encoder
Packetizer Programmes
=> Service Information
Clock
=> Conditional Access
Timing SI/ CA Private
Data PSI Data
Control/Other Data
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Baseband Processing: Elementary Streams
• Programme consist of elementary streams
• Time synchronized
• Coded video, audio, data, ...
Video:
Compression algorithms
MPEG-2 Profiles and levels
Audio:
Compression algorithms
MPG-1, MPEG-2 and layers
Data:
Teletext
Subtitling and graphics
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Baseband Processing: Packetized Elementary Streams (PES)
Fixed length
830 kBytes 830 kBytes 830 kBytes 830 kBytes Presentation Units
(uncoded pictures)
MPEG-2 Coding
Variable length
Access Units
(coded pictures)
Packetization
: Packet header
Fixed or variable
: Payload length PES
Packetized Elementary Stream packets
Packetized Elementary Stream = Payload of consecutive packets filled with data
+ Header including packet specific information
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Baseband Processing: Transport Stream
Fixed or variable
length
Fixed length
(188 bytes)
Transport Packets
: Packet header
: Adaptation field
: Payload
Transport stream (TS) = short fixed length transport packets (188 bytes long)
Usually the transport packet is shorter in length than the PES
Start of PES packet must occur at the start of a Transport Packet
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Baseband Processing: Service Information
Referring to ETSI Technical Report ETR 211
Baseband Processing: Conditional Access
Common Scrambling Algorithm
Multicrypt, Simulcrypt
Common Interface
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Satellite Channel Adaptation:
Satellite Satellite Satellite Baseband
Channel Transmission Channel
Processing
Adaptation Channel Adaptation
Transmitter Receiver
- ETSI EN 300421 (EN 301 210) standard specifies modulation and
channel coding
- Standard intended for Direct-To-Home services, collective antenna
systems and Head-end stations
- All service components are Time Multiplexed (TDM) into single
MPEG-2 Transport Stream
- Multiple-Channel-Per-Carrier (one carrier per transponder) or
Single-Channel-Per-Carrier (multiple carrier per transponder, FDM) 10
Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Satellite Channel Adaptation: Objectives
- Modulation: Classical Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
- Concatenated error protection:
Convolutional inner coding
Shortened Reed-Solomon (RS) outer
coding
- Transmission capacity can be traded off against error protection
- Quasi Error Free (QEF) quality, i.e. BER 10-10 - 10-11 after error
correction
- QEF quality needed for reconstruction by MPEG-2 decoders
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Satellite Channel Adaptation: System description
S a tellite C h a n n e l A d a p to r
M ux. To S a tellite
M P E G -2 A d ap ta tio n C h a n n el
O u te r In ter- In n e r B a se b a n d QPSK v ia
Tra n s p o rt an d
S tre a m C oder le av er C o d er sh ap in g M o d u la to r Tra n s m it
E n e rg y E arth
D isp ersa l S tatio n
R e ed - C o n v o lu tio n al
S o lo m o n co d e
b lo ck c o d e ra te= 1 /2 , 2 /3 ,
3 /4 , 5 /6 , 7 /8
- Transport multiplex adaptation/randomization for energy dispersal
- Outer coding, i.e. Reed-Solomon
- Convolutional interleaving
- Inner coding , i.e. punctured convolutional code
- Baseband shaping before modulation
- Modulation
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Transport Multiplex Adaptation and Energy Dispersal:
S a te llite C h a n n el A d a p to r
M ux. To S a tellite
M P E G -2 A d a p ta tio n C h an n e l
O u te r In te r- In n er B aseb a n d Q PSK v ia
Tran s p o rt and
S trea m C oder lea v er C oder sh a p in g M o d u la to r Tran s m it
E n e rg y E arth
D isp e rsa l S ta tio n
R eed- C o n v o lu tio n al
S o lo m o n code
b lo c k c o d e rate= 1 /2 , 2 /3 ,
3 /4 , 5 /6 , 7 /8
- System input stream => Fixed length packets of 188 bytes
(See MPEG-2)
- Comply with ITU Radio Regulations and ensuring adequate
binary transitions => Randomization of data stream
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Transport Multiplex Adaptation and Energy Dispersal:
In itializa tio n se q u en ce
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
0 0 00 0 0 11 ...
XOR
AND XOR
R a nd o m ized /d e-ra n d o m iz ed
d ata o utp ut
E n ab le C le a r/ra n do m ize d
d ata in p u t
14 15
P o ly n o m ial fo r P R B S : 1 + X + X
- Initialization sequence “10010…” every 8 Transport Packets (TP)
- First sync byte of a group of 8 Transport Packets => bit-wise inverted
for initialization of descrambler (See: Transport Multiplex Adaptation)
- Sync bytes NOT randomized, but PRBS generator continues
- PRBS period: 188 bytes x 8 TP – first sync byte = 1503 bytes
- Randomizer always active => avoid unmodulated carrier 14
Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Outer coding (RS):
- Reed-Solomon RS (204,188, T = 8) shortened code
- Applied to each 188 bytes long TP including the sync byte
S a tellite C h a n n el A d a p to r
M ux. To S ate llite
M P E G -2 A d a p ta tio n C h an n e l
O u te r In ter- In n er B aseb a n d QPSK v ia
Tran sp o rt and
S trea m C oder lea v e r C oder sh ap in g M o d u lato r Tran s m it
E n e rg y E arth
D isp ersa l S tatio n
R eed- C o n v o lu tio n al
S o lo m o n code
b lo c k c o d e ra te= 1 /2 , 2 /3 ,
3 /4 , 5 /6 , 7 /8
- Shortened coding by adding 51 bytes set to zero
=> Perform RS(255,239) coding
=> discard null bytes after coding
- Error protected packet is 188 bytes + 16 bytes = 204 bytes 15
Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Interleaving:
- Spreading effect of burst errors in the receiver before the outer decoder
- Convolutional Interleaving with depth I = 12
S a te llite C h a n n el A d a p to r
M ux. To S a tellite
M P E G -2 A d a p ta tio n C h an n e l
O u te r In te r- In n er B aseb a n d Q PSK v ia
Tran s p o rt and
S trea m C oder lea v er C oder sh a p in g M o d u la to r Tran s m it
E n e rg y E arth
D isp e rsa l S ta tio n
R eed- C o n v o lu tio n al
S o lo m o n code
b lo c k c o d e rate= 1 /2 , 2 /3 ,
3 /4 , 5 /6 , 7 /8
- Interleaved frame is composed of overlapping error protected packets,
delimited by (non-) inverted MPEG-2 sync bytes
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Inner Coder (Convolutional):
- Two approaches possible:
-> For baseline DVB-S
-> For Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG)
- Maximum commonality, except for the inner coder and the modulator
S a tellite C h a n n el A d a p to r
M ux. To S a tellite
M P E G -2 A d a p ta tio n C h an n e l
O u te r In te r- In n er B a se b a n d Q PSK v ia
Tra n sp o rt an d
S trea m C o d er lea v e r C oder sh a p in g M o d u la to r Tran s m it
E n e rg y E arth
D isp ersa l S ta tio n
R eed- C o n v o lu tio n a l
S o lo m o n co d e
b lo c k c o d e ra te= 1 /2 , 2 /3 ,
3 /4 , 5 /6 , 7 /8
- Both systems are covered in this presentation
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Inner Coder (Convolutional): based on EN 300 421
- System allows for a range of punctured convolutional codes
- Convolutional code based on 1/2 rate with constrain length K = 7
Inner
Coder
X C1 I
Serial
bit mapping
bit-stream Puncturing to QPSK
Y C2 const. Q
rate k/n convolutional code m = 2 bits/symbol
- Depending on the service or data rate a code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 or
7/8 is selected
- In the receiver each code rate and puncturing is tried until lock is acquired
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Inner Coder (Convolutional): based on EN 301 210
- Inner Coder => Pragmatic Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM)
- Par./Par. guarantees an amount of sync. bytes at E
Inner
Coder
P0 NE U I
bit mapping
Par./ X Symb.
to
Par. Par./ Seq.
Puncturing constellation
P7 Serial
E Y C Q
rate k/n convolutional code 1 or 2 coded bits
per symbol
- Non-encoded (NE) branch => only protected by Euclidean distance in
signal space
- Encoded (E) branch => processed by punctured convolutional encoder 19
Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Baseband Shaping:
- Prior to modulation, the I and Q signals (dirac delta) are Square
Root Raised Cosine filtered
- Roll-off factor: 0.35
S a tellite C h a n n el A d a p to r
M ux. To S ate llite
M P E G -2 A d a p ta tio n C h an n e l
O u te r In ter- In n er B aseb a n d QPSK v ia
Tran sp o rt and
S trea m C oder lea v e r C oder sh ap in g M o d u lato r Tran s m it
E n e rg y E arth
D isp ersa l S tatio n
R eed- C o n v o lu tio n al
S o lo m o n code
b lo c k c o d e ra te= 1 /2 , 2 /3 ,
3 /4 , 5 /6 , 7 /8
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Modulation:
S a te llite C h a n n el A d a p to r
M ux. To S a tellite
M P E G -2 A d a p ta tio n C h an n e l
O u te r In te r- In n er B aseb a n d Q PSK v ia
Tran s p o rt and
S trea m C oder lea v er C oder sh a p in g M o d u la to r Tran s m it
E n e rg y E arth
D isp e rsa l S ta tio n
R eed- C o n v o lu tio n al
S o lo m o n code
b lo c k c o d e rate= 1 /2 , 2 /3 ,
3 /4 , 5 /6 , 7 /8
- Baseline system: (EN 300 421)
Gray-coded QPSK modulation (no differential coding)
- Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG): (EN 301 210)
QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM
Consequence: higher sensitivity to noise/interference,
more linear systems, … 21
Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Example of bit rates versus transmission symbol rate:
- Ru useful bit rate after MPEG-2 MUX
Framing overhead due to MPEG-2: 188/187
- RS Symbol rate corresponds to the –3dB bandwidth of the modulated
signal
Ru 35.631Mbits / s
for QPSK 3 / 4 conv. coder
roll off factor : 0.35
204bytes 4 1
RS 35.631Mbits / s 25.7756Mbaud
188bytes 3 2
Total signal bandwidth RS 1 25.7756Mbaud 1.35 34.797MHz
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Example of error performance requirements for QPSK:
- To obtain a QEF performance a BER of 2 x 10-4 is required after the
convolutional decoder (Viterbi)
Inner code rate Eb/No for BER = 2 x 10-4 after
Conv. decoder
1/ 2 4.5
2/3 5.0
3/ 4 5.5
5/ 6 6.0
7/8 6.4
- The figure of Eb/No refer to the useful bit-rate before RS coding and
include a modem implementation margin of 0.8 dB and a noise BW
increase due to the outer code, 10log(188/204) = 0.36dB
- Figures derived from EN 300 421 23
Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Example of error performance requirements for 8PSK and 16QAM:
- The modem implementation margins which increase with the spectrum
efficiency are adopted, to cope with the larger sensitivity associated with
these schemes
Inner code rate Eb/No for BER = 2 x 10-4 after
Conv. decoder
2/3 6.9
8PSK 5/6 8.9
8/9 9.4
16QAM 3/ 4 9.0
7/8 10.7
- Figures derived from EN 301 210
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Example: Maximum bit-rate over existing link baseline DVB-S:
- Eb/No= 6.0
- Transponder bandwidth: 36MHz (-3dB)
- Bandwidth over symbol rate: BW/RS = 1.28
Minimal required inner code rate 5 / 6
36MHz
RS 28.125Mbaud
1.28
bitrate after inner coder 28.125Mbaud 2 56.25Mbit / s
5
bitrate before inner coder 56.25M / s 46.875Mbit / s
6
188 188
Ru bitrate after outer coder 46.875Mbit / s 43.198Mbit / s
204 204
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
Example: Maximum bit-rate over existing link DSNG DVB-S:
- Eb/No= 9.5
- Transponder bandwidth: 36MHz (-3dB)
- Bandwidth over symbol rate: BW/RS = 1.28
Minimal required inner code rate 8 / 9 For 8PSK or 3 / 4 For 16QAM
36 MHz
RS 28.125Mbaud
1.28
bitrate after inner coder 28.125Mbaud 3 84.375Mbit / s
8
For 8PSK : bitrate before inner coder 84.375M / s 75Mbit / s
9
Ru bitrate after outer coder 188 188
75Mbit / s 69.12 Mbit / s
204 204
bitrate after inner coder 28.125Mbaud 4 112 .5Mbit / s
3
For 16QAM : bitrate before inner coder 112.5M / s 84.375Mbit / s
4
Ru bitrate after outer coder 188 188
84.375Mbit / s 77.76 Mbit / s
204 204
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
DVB-S theory and concepts
References:
- EN 300 421 v1.1.2 (1997-08): Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);
Framing structure, channel coding and modulaton for 11/12 GHz
satellite services.
- EN 301 210 v1.1.1 (1999-03): Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);
Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for Digital Satellite
News Gathering (DSNG) and other contribution applications by satellite.
- ANNEX B, Overview of DVB, EUTELSAT, Technical guide, 7 June 1999.
- A. J. Viterbi, J. K. Wolf, E. Zehavi, R. Padovani, “A pragmatic approach
to Trellis-Coded Modulation, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 27,
No. 7, 1989.
- H. Benoit, “Digital Television MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and principles of the DVB
system”John Wiley & Sons Inc., New york-Toronto, 1998.
- A. Morello, V. Mignone, “ New DVB standard for DSNG - and contribution
satellite links” EBU Technical Review, Autumn 1998.
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
05/06/23
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Newtec INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS