V.
V Sangha’s
RAO BAHADUR Y MAHABALESWARAPPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
Cantonment, Ballari - 583103
Department of Civil Engineering
OFF STREET PARKING STUDIES OF
CBD AREA IN BALLARI CITY
PROJECT BATCH:
AKSHAY P M. USN:3VC18CV011.
GANGADEVI. USN: 3VC18CV034. GUDIE:
HEENA V. USN: 3VC18CV039. NAME OF THE GUIDE: [Link] KUMAR S.
JAGADEESHA. USN:3VC19CV410. DESIGNATION OF GUIDE:ASSISTANT PROFESSER
SIDDESH A T. USN:3VC19CV438.
INTRODUCTION
• Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and leaving it
unoccupied.
• Parking on one or both sides of road is often permitted.
• Parking is one of the most severe problems that are caused by the increase road
traffic. It is an impact of transport development.
• The roadway width including the number of lanes are decided based on the
design traffic flow or volume, all the vehicles do not keep moving during the
entire day.
• The accessibility of less space in urban areas has increased the demand for
parking space especially in areas like Central business district.
• On street parking severally affects efficiency of traffic flow.
• The increasing heavy concentration of population in city and the country has
resulted in increase of travel demand and it is a continuous process it
contributes road way congestion, air pollution and driver frustration.
• Some buildings have parking facilities for use of the buildings users.
TYPES OF PARKING
1. On-Street Parking :
On street parking means parking your vehicle on the
street ,anywhere on or along the curb of streets.
Types of on street parking
1. Angular parking 2. Parallel parking
3. Perpendicular parking
2. Off street parking
Off street parking means the parking of vehicles in
designated areas, whether public or private ,and not upon a public
street.
Types of off-street parking
1. Surface Parking
2. Multistory Parking
LITREATURE REVIEW
Title Analysis of Parking Trends and Design of an off-Street
Parking System and Implementation of Management
Solutions on J.M. Road, Pune.
Author Pranav. D et al
Content • There should be reduction in parking on-street and the
vehicles to be parked should be diverted towards the
off-street parking being designed.
• Imposing of stricter norms will definitely curb
excessive parking to an unknown extent.
• Off-Street parking will generate revenue for local
governing body.
Title Prediction of parking space availability in
real time
Author Felix Caicsdo et al
Content • Parking reservation system leads to a more
effective management of parking
availability.
• Improves the passenger satisfaction and
parking service.
• Provides driver with real time information
on parking location and current space
availability using GIS, internet, cellular
phones.
Title Off- street parking management plan for Dharwad
city
Author Mrs. Priyanka
Content Multi-level Parking is very effective method
used as most valuable initiative in the city.
Maximum accumulation in the morning occurs
at 12:00 to 02:00 PM and 05:00 to 08:00 PM.
Parking fee was assigned for off-street and on-
street parking.
Title Parking behavior in CBD- case study of
Surabaya, Indonesia.
Author Kardi Teknomo
Content • The behavior of drivers to choose a parking
location is influenced by space, trip purpose,
queue time, parking fee.
• Parker influence preference for comfort
ability security and closeness of parking place
to their destiny.
• Govt. can control the no. of on road parking
by parking fee.
• Evaluation of parking location can be used to
develop IOS standards for parking facilities.
Title Off street parking guidance system.
Author G. Harini et al.
Content • The vehicle detection method eases the situation
and helps in finding the vacant spots.
• The method is implemented using Ultrasonic
sensors, microcontrollers and LCD displays.
• The modules incorporated detect the unoccupied
positions and display the information to the end
users.
• A prototype has been devised and the results
prove that the proposed method is 97.5% accurate.
Title Off street parking guidance system.
Author G. Harini et al.
Content • The vehicle detection method eases the
situation and helps in finding the vacant
spots.
• The method is implemented using
Ultrasonic sensors, microcontrollers and
LCD displays.
• The modules incorporated detect the
unoccupied positions and display the
information to the end users.
• A prototype has been devised and the
results prove that the proposed method is
97.5% accurate.
Title A LOCATION MODEL FOR THE ALLOCATION OF
THE OFF-STREET PARKING FACILITIES
Author Hsien-Ming CHIU et al.
Content In this study, an application of the location theory on
the allocation of the off-street parking facilities is
explored.
A multi-objective linear Integer Programming model
is developed for this problem.
Due to its linearity, the proposed compromise
programming method for the model can be solved by
the LINDO compute software.
Based on the results of the numerical experiment, the
proposed model can provide reasonable solution to the
problem addressed.
Title Short-Term Forecasting of Off-Street Parking
Occupancy
Author Thomas Koch et al.
Content • Information and communication technologies are
applied to model a decision support system that gives
insight into 6-months ahead parking occupancy
forecasts for 57 off-street parking locations.
• The SARIMAX model outperformed the other
algorithms for the 6-months ahead forecasts
according to the lowest root mean square error
(RMSE)
• By including the event factor, the model improved
by 24% based on the RMSE.
• Weather variables improved the predictive
performance by 8%.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
1. Inadequate parking facilities in decreased road capacity
and many side effects such as air and noise pollution.
2. Also cause economic consequences by losing time and
fuel ,loss of productivity high energy consumption and
increased accidental death rates.
3. Traffic congestion around the CBD :
Delay in traffic movement, increase in
travel time , noise pollution, air pollution and accidents.
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1. To bring out parking studies.
2. Estimate the Future demand of vehicles parked based on
compiled data.
3. To determine parking Turn over, Parking occupancy , Future
parking demand.
4. To formulate strategies for better management for parking.
METHODOLOGY
Parking surveys are conducted for to know present how much
parking demand is there, using that future demand can be
calculated. Parking survey helps to find parking characteristics
are parking accumulation, parking turnover, parking
Occupancy or parking index.
Types of parking survey:
1) In-out survey.
2) Fixed period sampling.
3) License plate method of survey.
1. In-out survey:
In this survey number of vehicles that enter the parking lot
for a particular time interval is counted. The number of vehicle
that leaves the parking lot is also taken. The final occupancy in
the parking lot is also taken.
2. Fixed Period sampling:
This survey is similar to in-out survey. After a fixed interval
of time that may be between 15 minutes to 1 hour, the count of
vehicle is taken.
3. License plate method of survey:
It is the most accurate method for parking. In this survey,
every parking Lot is noted at a continuous interval of 15
minutes or so and the license plate number is noted down.
Conduct survey on the availability of all vacant spaces
both public and private, to explore the possibility of
converting such places in to parking areas
Study Road geometry of selected stretches
Conducting the traffic flow survey and parking survey.
To study the average growth of city using vehicle
registration data
PRELIMINARY WORKS CARRIED OUT
1. Congested sites identified:
Mayura Hotel urban cooperative bank
[Link] open space identified for off-street parking
In front of vishnu priya Beside railway track
Hotel
Opposite to urban cooperative bank Anantapur road
DETAILS OF CBD AREA
Junction - Royal circle, Ballari.
Type of Junction - Signalized Junction
Stretch 1- Old Bus Stand Road
Stretch 2 - Anantapur Road
Stretch 3 - Station Road
GEOMETRY OF ROADS
CARRIAGE WAY (w)m
LOT DETAILS REMARKS
left right
Old bus stand
8.1 8.1 ONE WAY
road
Anantapur road 8.6 TWO WAY
Station road 8 8 TWO WAY
Map of Study Area (Royal circle, Ballari)
LOCATIONS
A - Bikaner Bakery
B - Mayura Hotel
C - ICICI Bank
D - Football Stadium
E - SBI Bank
F - Post Office
GEOMETRY OF LOCATIONS
LENGTH(L) in m
LOC DETAILS REMARKS
2W
A&B 150 ONE WAY
C& D 150 TWO WAY
E&F 100 TWO WAY
RESULTS AND DESCUSSION
PARKING DETAILS OF MONDAY & TUESDAY
9 to 10 to 11 to 12 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to
LOT TIME 10 11 12 to 1 2 3 4 5 6
IN 24 53 75 65 48 28 45 36 35
A OUT 16 30 58 71 61 38 40 29 30
RMNG 8 23 17 -6 -13 -10 5 7 5
IN 19 55 52 40 37 41 44 41 31
B OUT 13 32 30 44 45 49 39 34 37
RMNG 6 23 22 -4 -8 -8 5 7 -6
IN 34 45 35 3 32 40 31 26 25
C OUT 15 21 26 39 37 52 22 24 25
RMNG 19 24 9 -6 -5 -12 9 2 0
IN 28 23 29 35 30 24 29 22 20
D OUT 13 14 26 44 37 15 35 32 15
RMNG 15 9 3 -9 -7 9 -6 -10 5
IN 30 46 46 38 49 39 30 39 28
E OUT 25 24 36 49 57 41 36 30 26
RMNG 5 22 10 -11 -8 -2 -6 9 2
IN 20 44 48 57 36 39 48 41 43
OUT 12 24 30 62 34 47 43 49 41
F
RMNG 8 20 18 -5 2 -8 5 -8 2
TOTAL 61 121 79 -41 -39 -31 12 7 8
CMLT 61 182 261 220 181 150 162 169 176
Time Vs No of vehicle
300
250
No of vehicle
200
150
100
50
0
9 to 10 10 to 11 11 to 12 12 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6
Time
PARKING DETAILS OF WEDNESDAY & THURSDAY
9 to 10 to 11 to 12 to 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to
LOT TIME 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6
IN 26 33 42 60 40 35 32 38 30
A OUT 14 24 35 47 45 41 29 32 28
RMNG 12 9 7 13 -5 -6 3 6 2
IN 21 38 4 3 36 30 33 29 37
B OUT 14 25 35 27 41 29 35 30 37
RMNG 7 13 8 9 -11 4 -6 7 5
IN 26 37 30 32 28 34 28 23 20
C OUT 12 19 21 24 34 40 25 29 16
RMNG 14 18 9 8 -6 -6 3 -6 4
IN 25 22 30 32 28 22 20 24 21
D OUT 15 26 16 21 30 24 26 28 18
RMNG 10 -4 14 11 -2 -2 -6 -4 3
IN 23 35 30 27 24 21 26 32 25
E OUT 16 18 27 26 29 25 30 27 22
RMNG 7 17 3 1 -5 -4 -4 5 3
IN 7 22 20 18 11 24 26 26 25
F OUT 5 20 12 16 9 18 22 25 23
RMNG 2 2 8 2 2 6 4 1 2
TOTAL 52 55 49 44 -27 -8 -6 9 19
CMLT 52 107 156 200 173 165 159 168 187
Time Vs No of Vehicles
250
200
No of Vehicles
150
100
50
0
9 to 10 10 to 11 11 to 12 12 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6
Time
PARKING DETAILS OF FRIDAY ,SATURDAY & SUNDAY
9 to 10 to 11 to 12 to 1 to 2 to 3 to
LOT TIME 4 to 5 5 to 6
10 11 12 1 2 3 4
IN 36 39 45 42 45 32 37 33 40
OUT 14 22 32 49 40 36 40 29 49
A
RMNG 22 17 13 -7 5 -4 -3 4 -9
IN 32 46 55 32 37 30 37 43 36
OUT 16 25 39 37 40 34 29 49 30
B
RMNG 16 21 16 -5 -3 -4 8 -6 6
IN 40 55 38 32 28 35 27 33 29
OUT 18 25 35 41 36 30 21 30 36
C
RMNG 22 30 3 -9 -8 5 6 3 -7
IN 22 32 37 30 31 26 21 29 36
OUT 14 25 28 35 27 35 19 35 25
D
RMNG 8 7 9 -5 4 -9 2 -6 11
IN 26 38 49 33 36 30 27 33 28
OUT 15 23 32 38 33 37 22 39 23
E
RMNG 11 15 17 -5 3 -7 5 -6 5
IN 21 37 49 41 32 27 34 40 37
OUT 13 23 30 47 37 30 30 34 35
F
RMNG 8 14 19 -6 -5 -3 4 6 2
TOTAL 87 104 77 -37 -4 -22 22 -5 8
CMLT 87 191 268 231 227 205 227 222 230
Time Vs No of vehicle
300
250
200
No of vehicle
150
100
50
0
9 to 10 10 to 11 11 to 12 12 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6
Time
Ballari City Vehicle registration Data from 2018 to 2022
TRUCK
Year 2W CAR LMV BUS TAXIES
S
2018 11085 1191 470 125 374 150
2019 13840 1192 1022 78 338 181
2020 13656 1187 523 275 903 367
2021 12134 999 1173 106 296 172
2022 13367 2112 629 465 442 261
ESTIMATING FUTURE (IRC 108-1996) DEMAND
Maximum accumulation is 268 vehicle
Future
Pn = P0(1+r)n Year demand
Pn = Traffic in the nth year 2022 268
P0 = Traffic flow in the base year
2023 285
r = Annual growth rate(r=6%)
2024 302
2025 319
P2022 = 268veh
P2023 = 268(1+0.06)1 = 285veh 2026 339
P2024 = 268(1+0.06)2 = 302veh 2027 359
P2025 = 268(1+0.06)3 = 319veh 2028 380
2029 403
2030 428
Capacity Calculation
Theoretical Capacity for 2w:
L=Total length of road = 400m,
Minimum parking space = (2.5*1.05) m2
N = L/1.05
= 400/1.05
= 380vehicle
Parking Turnover:
Parking turnover is the Ratio of Total number of vehicles parked
during the count period divided by the number of existing parking
spaces. The use of this study was to find the average use of the parking
lot. For 2-Wheeler vehicle minimum parking Space required is
(2.5*1.05) m2
Parking Turnover details for Monday and Tuesday
Total No of
CAPACITY TURNOVER
vehicle Parked
LOC
2W 2W 2W
A 409 62 7
B 360 81 5
C 301 72 4
D 240 58 4
E 345 53 7
F 376 43 9
Parking Turnover details for Wednesday and Thursday
Total No of
vehicle Parked CAPACITY TURNOVER
LOC
2W 2W 2W
A 336 62 6
B 309 81 4
C 258 72 4
D 224 58 4
E 243 53 5
F 309 43 7
Parking Turnover details for Monday and Tuesday
Total No of
CAPACITY TURNOVER
vehicle Parked
LOC
2W 2W 2W
A 349 62 7
B 348 81 4
C 317 72 5
D 264 58 5
E 300 53 6
F 318 43 8
Parking Occupancy:
Parking Occupancy is the ratio of number of vehicle using parking to
the number of parking facility available at a specified time.
Parking Occupancy details for Monday and Tuesday
2W
TIME Occupancy (%)
CMLT CAPACITY
9 to 10 61 380 16.05
10 to 11 182 380 47.89
11 to 12 261 380 68.68
12 to 1 220 380 57.89
1 to 2 181 380 47.63
2 to 3 150 380 39.47
3 to 4 162 380 42.63
4 to 5 169 380 44.44
5 to 6 176 380 46.31
Time V/s Occupancy
80
70
60
Occupancy
50
40
30
20
10
0
9 to 10 10 to 11 11 to 12 12 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6
Time
Parking Occupancy details for Wednesday and Thursday
2W
TIME Occupancy (%)
CMLT CAPACITY
9 to 10 52 380 13.68
10 to 11 107 380 28.15
11 to 12 156 380 41.05
12 to 1 200 380 52.63
1 to 2 173 380 45.52
2 to 3 165 380 43.42
3 to 4 159 380 41.84
4 to 5 168 380 44.21
5 to 6 187 380 49.20
Time V/s Occupancy
80
70
60
50
Occupancy
40
30
20
10
0
9 to 10 10 to 11 to 12 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6
11 12
Time
Parking Occupancy details for Friday ,Saturday and Sunday
2W
TIME CMLT CAPACITY Occupancy (%)
9 to 10 87 380 22.89
10 to 11 191 380 50.26
11 to 12 268 380 70.52
12 to 1 231 380 60.78
1 to 2 227 380 59.73
2 to 3 205 380 53.94
3 to 4 227 380 59.73
4 to 5 222 380 58.42
5 to 6 230 380 60.52
Time V/s Occupancy
80
70
60
Occupancy
50
40
30
20
10
0
9 to 10 10 to 11 11 to 12 12 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6
Time
REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR DEMAND V/S CAPACITY
LOT DEMAND CAPACITY
A 67 62
B 79 81
C 74 72
D 65 58
E 62 53
F 56 43
We got,
Obtained regression model is DEMAND = 0.615capacity +
29.48
P value = 0.00
R2 = 0.403
Scaterplot of Demand V/s Capacity
80
75
70
f(x) = 0.61577868852459 x + 29.4795081967213
65 R² = 0.403360209049895
60
Demand
55
50
45
40
35
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Capacity
Scatter plot of Demand v/s Capacity
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the data collected from the survey and analysis, the following
conclusions are made,
For long term vehicle pay and park method can be done at peak hours to
control and regulate the parking and provide Off street parking near CBD
areas, within the radius of 1 km.
Based on the analysis of the accumulation pattern shows that maximum
parking is more at morning 10am to 2pm and evening 4pm to 6pm.
Parking turn-over is high cause obstruction on the streets. To decrease this
provide off street parking system.
The on-street parking that is now available cannot accommodate the
parking vehicles, according to the parking characteristics such as parking
occupancy, turnover, and capacity.
Given the rate of traffic growth rate, the vacant spots (off-street space)
close to the CBD area can accommodate current needs for off-street parking
as well as anticipated future demand.
In addition to improving urban transit, mitigation of congestion, and ease of
movement, Off-street parking has the ability to bring in substantial revenue
for the city corporation
REFERENCES
Mrs. Priyanka .Kolhar,“OFFSTREET PARKING MANAGEMENT PLAN
FOR DHARWAD CITY, KARNATAKA, INDIA”, Journal of Engineering Research
and Studies, E-ISSN0976-7916, April-June, 2012.
Pranav. D. Desai, Karan. K. Bijwe et al,“Analysis of Parking Trends and
Design of an off-Street Parking System and Implementation of Management
Solutions on J.M. Road, Pune”, International Journal of Engineering Research
& Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181,Vol. 8 Issue 06, June-2019.
Herin K.J , Jisha Akkara,“Study of “On-Street” and “Off-Street” Parking
Choice Behavior”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering, ISSN (Online) 2278-1021, ISSN (Print) 2319-
5940, Vol. 8, Special Issue 1, January 2019.
Deeptanshu C. Suthar , Dr. [Link],“Discrete Choice Modeling for Off
Street Parking at CBD”| IJIRT |ISSN: 2349-6002|Volume 2 Issue 12, May 2016.
Joseph O, “Performance Analysis of Off-Street Parking around the Central
Business District of Akure Southwest Nigeria”, The Journal of Sustainable
Development, Vol. 16, Iss. 1 (2016), Pp. 91-105.
G. Harini, “Off-Street Parking Guidance System Indian Journal of Science and
Technology”, ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846,ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645,Vol 9(21), June
2016.
Hsien-Ming, “A LOCATION MODEL FOR THE ALLOCATION OF THE
OFF-STREET PARKING FACILITIES”, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for
Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 1344 - 1353, 2005.
Thomas Koch, “Short-Term Forecasting of Off-Street Parking Occupancy” ,
National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Record 2022, Vol.
2676(1) 637–654.