RECENT TRENDS IN
MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
UNIT 5
SYLLABUS
Thermograph
Endoscopy unit
Laser in medicine
Cryogenic applications
Introduction to telemedicine
THERMOGRAPH
Y
DEFINITION
It is the process of recording true thermal images of
the surfaces of objects under study.
It displays images representing the thermal radiation
of skin areas.
It is an important diagnostic aid in many diseases
especially cancer, rheumatic disease or joint disease.
Based on the detection of thermal radiation from the
skin areas, thermography can be classified into 3
methods;
Infrared thermography.
Liquid crystal thermography.
Microwave thermography.
INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
Human skin emits infrared radiations as an
exponential function of its absolute temperature
and the emissive properties of the skin temperature.
The maximum wavelength = 10um and it ranges
from 4-40um.
Thermal picture is usually displayed on a TV may
be photographed to provide permanent record.
Every thermo graphic equipment is provided with a
special infrared camera that scales the object.
IR THERMOGRAPHIC
EQUIPMENT
Reflecting
scanning DETECTO PRE
CHOPPER
mirror R AMPLIFIER
DEMODULATO
R
BODY
SURFACE CRT
WORKING
The camera contains an optical system in the form of an
oscillating plane mirror which scans the field of view at
very high speed & collects it to chopper.
Chopper disc interrupts the infrared beam so that
electrical signals are produced.
Then they are given to detector and the detector output is
amplified & demodulated.
Demodulated signals are given to CRT in
synchronization with scanning mechanism.
REQUIREMENTS
Short frame times (<4 seconds)
High resolution (>1,00,000 picture elements)
A small size and light weight optical head
Containing interfaces for image processing
LIQUID CRYSTAL THERMOGRAPHY
Liquid crystals are a class
of compounds which
exhibit colour
temperature sensitivity.
Scattering effects with the
material give rise to
colors, the dominant
wavelength being
influenced by very small
changes in temperature.
MICROWAVE
THERMOGRAPHY
Intensity of Microwave emissions for the skin surface is very
small.
Using recent methods we can determine temperature change
of 0.1K.
Matched antennae placed in contact with the skin surface for
use at 1.3G Hz and 3.3G Hz have been used to sense
subcutaneous temperature.
Microwave receiver with a frequency response from 1.7G Hz
to 2.5G Hz a penetration depth of 1cm in tissue and 8cm in
fat and bone can be obtained.
APPLICATIONS
Healthy cases. Burns and perniones.
Tumors.
Orthopedic diseases.
Inflammation.
Brain and nerve diseases.
Diseases of peripheral
vessels. Hormone diseases.
Collagen diseases.
ENDOSCOPY UNIT
INTRODUCTION
Endoscopes or fiberoscopes are designed using low
quality, large diameter and short length silica fibers.
Broncho fiberoscope
Gastrointestinal fiberoscope
Laproscopes
Two types
Flexible
Rigid
Two fiber bundle
1. used to illuminate the inner structure of object
2. collect the reflected light from that area
Tubular optical instrument
Equipped with forceps
ENDOSCOPY
“A tubular optical
instrument inserted into
natural or surgically
created orifices to inspect
the body cavities is known
as endoscope.”
Endoscopes consist of two
fibre optic cables one for
illumination and the other
for image transmission.
“It is an instrument to view
the body cavities which are
not visible to naked eye
HOW IT WORKS
The body cavity is filled with air or isotonic saline solution so
as to keep the walls distended and to improve for optical
transmission.
The light is guided through the glass fibers by Total Internal
Reflection.
The external part of the fibre cable for illumination consists
of a high-power light source.
The light from this source is transmitted down the fibres
with low loss to illuminate the objects to be viewed.
The internal part of the fibre cable for image transmission
consists of an optical system.
RECORDING
In endoscope,
at the object end – objective lens and prism
at the viewing end – eye piece.
Endoscopic pictures can be recorded with color
film, & videotape recorders.
S. Type Range of use Diagnostic Problem or Operation
No
1 BRONCHOSC Trachea Foreign Bodies
OPE Larger Infections
Airways Aspiration Of Mucus
2 CARDIOSCOP Heart Valvular Defects
E Activities Septal Defect
3 CYTOSCOPE Urinary Tumors, Inflammation, Stones
Bladder
4 GASTROSCOP Stomach Gastritis, Gastric Ulcer, Tumors
E
5 LAPROSCOPE Abdominal Tumors
Cavity
6 OPTHALMOSC Eye Fundus State Of Vessels In High Blood Pressure, Retinal
OPE Detachment
7 OTOSCOPE Tympanic Infections, Perforation Of Ear Drum, Pressure
Membrane Conditions In The Middle Ear
8 THORACOSCO Pleural Tumors, Air In The Pleural Cavity
PE Cavity
BRONCHOSCOPE
ENDOSCOPIC LASER
COAGULATOR
Argon ion laser useful in coagulation of blood vessels
since its green light is highly absorbed by the red blood
vessels and hemoglobin.
Used to arrest the gastric bleeding.
Used for the photocoagulation of retina because of its
smaller beam diameter and ability to do coagulation
without affecting the surrounding healthy tissue.
LASER IN MEDICINE
ABOUT LASER
LASER- Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation
Inventedin 1960.
Basic PRINCIPLE: STIMULATED EMISSION
It consists of high intense radiation in unique
direction without spreading of its energy in other
directions.
High monochromacity and high directionality.
LASER PRINCIPLE
LASER
PUMPING SOURCE
OUT
ACTIVE MEDIUM
PUMPING SOURCE
PERFECTLY PARTIALLY
REFLECTING TRANSPARENT
MIRROR MIRROR
LASER PRODUCTION
In general, the population of atoms in higher level is
normally smaller than the lower energy level.
During population inversion, its condition reversed. It
can be done by pumping action.
Due to pumping and use of mirrors, laser beam is
emitted.
There are 2 types of emission of laser beam.
1. Stimulated emission.
2. Spontaneous emission.
Light photons fall on the tissue
Direct reflection at the boundaries of the layer due
to change in the refractive index.
Scattering by molecules, particles, fibers, cell
organelles.
Absorption
Direct transmission through the layer.
These depends on:
Wavelength of laser
Energy density
Pulse duration
Irradiation time
LASER INSTRUMENTATION
First stage
Pulsed Nd-YaG laser, Continuous wave CO2 laser,
Continuous wave argon ion laser are installed.
Second stage
Necessary operation theatre equipment & remote
controlled scanning device.
Third stage
Remote control circuit
Equipped with water coolant system.
ADVANTAGES OF LASER
SURGERY
Highly sterile.
Highly localized and precise.
Non-contact surgery.
Bloodless surgery.
Prompt surgery & no EM interference.
Short period of surgical time.
Easy access in confined area.
APPLICATIONS
It has wide range of applications.
Generally classified in to 2 categories.
1) Photo thermal applications.
2) Photo chemical applications.
PHOTO THERMAL
APPLICATIONS
OPTHALMOLOGY: variety of eye problems
including retinal bleeding, excessive growth of blood
vessels.
GASTROENTEROLOGY: diagnosis for gallstone.
ORTHOPEDICS: joint surgery & bone tumor.
Plastic surgery.
Neuro surgery.
For curing skin cancer.
PHOTO CHEMICAL
APPLICATIONS
It can also be used to diagnose diseases and
treat it non-surgically.
Low-power lasers can induce more suitable
chemical, enzymatic or metabolic changes in
human body.
CRYOGENICS APPLICATIONS
It is the study and use of materials at extremely low
temperature.
Cryobiology
• Study of the effects of low temperature on organisms
Cryosurgery
• Surgery at low temperature (-196 C) to destroy malignant tissue. (Eg:Cancer cells)
Cryonics
• Cryopreserving humans and animals with intention of future revival
Cryoelectronics
• Superconductivity at low temperatures.
Cryotronics
• Practical applications of cryoelectronics
TYPES OF CRYOGENIC
TREATMENT
Shallow cryogenics
• Objects are cooled down to temperature of -85 c
Flooding
• Chamber is flooded with liquid nitrogen
Deep cryogenics treatment
Absolute zero
• Temperature marked by a 0 entropy configuration.
TEMPERATURE
Heat conduction
• Heat flows from higher temperature to low temperature
in any matter.
Evaporative cooling
• Atoms and molecules move faster in gaseous state than
in liquid state.
The Joule – Thompson effect
• Allowing the gas to expand causes temperature to drop.
• Reducing pressure also has same effect.
APPLICATIONS
Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy
Anaesthesia Machine
Mimicing A Ecg Model In An App.
Synthetic Biology – Chemical Engineer – Mobility-
Electronic Sensors
Heart mate 3
ENDOSCOPIC LUMBAR
DISCECTOMY
A lumbar micro endoscopic discectomy is a minimally
invasive procedure performed through a tubular device
and designed to relieve pain caused by herniated discs
pressing on nerve roots.
ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
The anaesthetic machine (UK English) or anesthesia
machine (US English) or Boyle's machine is used by
anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist
assistants to support the administration of anaesthesia.
The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use in the
developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic
machine, which is designed to provide an accurate and
continuous supply of medical gases (such as oxygen and
nitrous oxide), mixed with an accurate concentration of
anaesthetic vapour (such as isoflurane), and deliver this to the
patient at a safe pressure and flow.
Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and
patient monitoring devices.
MIMICING THE BIO SIGNALS
The bio signals of heart, brain or any part of the human
is acquired and it is mimicked.
The mimicked signal can even be stored as an app in
any personal assist device and can be utilized at the
time of an emergency.
It is in the research phase.
HEART MATE 3
The National Heart Centre Singapore (NHCS) has
successfully implanted a HeartMate 3 heart assist
device in a patient - a first in Asia, it announced on
Thursday (Jan 21).