EEG (Electroencephalogram)
BY:- SHRIYA GAUTAM
TOPICS COVERED
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS EXPLAINATION
3 APPLICATION
4 ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES
5 VENDORS OF THE MACHINE ALONG WITH ITS COST
INTRODUCTION
Electroencephalogram
An EEG machine is a device that records the electrical activity
of the brain. It contain electrodes that can detect brain activity
Insert Your Image
when placed on a subject’s scalp. The electrodes record the
brain wave patterns and the EEG machine sends the data to a
computer or cloud server.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
ELECTRODES
Electrodes are used to record EEG
signals.
They are made of a conducting material
commonly metals with some underlying
conductive paste or gel to improve
contact with the skin.
An ideal electrode should transduce
the voltage underneath it without altering
it in any way.
However, real electrodes have limits on
their performance, including the
frequency range over which they are
accurate and the buildup of charge on
the electrode.
Gold or gold-plated electrodes have
commonly been used for scalp EEG
Recording.
(A) International 10-20 system for electrode (B) 10-10 or 10% system for electrode placement.
placement. Electrodes in black have different names from the
corresponding electrodes of the International 10-20
system
(T7 = T3; T8 = T4; P7 = T5; P8 = T6).
JACKBOX
Jackbox is the
electrode board
where each individual
pin of the electrodes is
plugged to pre-amplify
and convert the
analogue signal to one
that is digital.
ELECTRODE MONOTAGE SELECTOR
Montage means the placement of the electrodes. The EEG can be
monitored with either a bipolar montage or a referential one.
Bipolar means that you have two electrodes per one channel, so
you have a reference electrode for each channel.
EEG AMPLIFIERS
1.
Electrical signals produced by the brain 2.
are in the order of microvolts. They have to be magnified so that the
voltage changes can be given sufficient
power to be graphically displayed either
5. on paper or on a computer screen
The amplification factor is referred to
as gain and may be expressed as
Vout/ Vin
3.
When measured directly at the cortical
4. surface, these voltages are on the order
of 10 mV.
An amplifier multiplies an input voltage
By a constant usually lying in the range
of up to 1,000,000.
FILTERS
The fact that the potential differences fluctuate as a function of time implies that the
recorded signals have a certain bandwidth. For the majority of EEG investigations the
recorded signal lies between 1 Hz and 70 Hz.
Information will be lost if the frequency response of the recording channel is narrower
than the frequency range of the EEG signal.
If the frequency range of the recording channel is wider than the bandwidth of the EEG
signal, noise in the recorded data will contain additional irrelevant information.
EEG recording channels are equipped with adjustable high pass and low pass filters by
which the frequency response can be restricted to the frequency band of interest.
For standard recordings, the low frequency filter should not be higher than 1 Hz with
the corresponding time constant of 0.16 s
USES OF FILTERS
LOW PASS FILTER HIGH PASS FILTER NOTCH FILTER
EEG signal processing is to a notch filter is used to reject
Low-pass filter to filter out apply a high-pass filter to
frequencies above 40 or 50 Hz. the 60 Hz or 50 Hz power line
filter out slow frequencies noise. The notch is a very
For standard recordings, the low less than 0.1 Hz or often
frequency filter should not be selective filter with a very high
even 1 [Link] of higher rejection just for a tiny frequency
higher than 1 Hz with the frequency components is also
corresponding time constant of band around the selected
possible when the high frequency.
0.16 s frequency filter is set lower
than 70 Hz.
WRITE OUT
The final link between the patient and a The speed of the paper mechanism
legible EEG tracing is the writer. In should include 30 mm/s with at least the
conventional EEG machines, a additional speeds of 15 mm and 60 mm/s
pen-ink-paper system is employed selectable during operation.
The writing points of the different
channels should be aligned on a line
perpendicular to the direction of paper
travel without the use of special tools
and without the need for bending the
writer arms.
A sample EEG recording showing a focal spike typical of a seizure
OUTPUT
The number of channels that an EEG machine
has is related to the number of electrodes used.
The more channels, the more detailed the
brainwave [Link] means that
the output from
the machine is actually the difference in
electrical activity picked up by the two electrodes
Abnormal results from an electroencephalogram can indicate:
Migraines
Bleeding (haemorrhage)
Head injury
Tissue damage
Seizures
Swelling (edema)
Substance abuse
Sleep disorders
Tumours
APPLICATIONS
Insert the title of your subtitle Here
Applications of EEG:
1. EEG is mainly used in studying the properties of cerebral and neural networks in
neurosciences.
2. It is used to monitor the neurodevelopment and sleep patterns of infants in ICU and
enable the physician to use this information to enhance daily medical care.
3. In epilepsy, EEG is used to map brain areas and to receive localization information
prior to a surgery.
4. The EEG neuro-feedback or EEG bio-feedback or EEG bio-feedback has many ap-
plications such as treating for physiological disorders and neurological disorders such as
epilepsy.
5. Many disorders as chronic anxiety, depression etc can be found out using as EEG
pattern.
ADVANTAGES
Advantages of EEG:
[Link] are functionally fast, relatively cheap and safe way of checking the functioning of
different areas of brain.
2. High precision time measurements
[Link]'s EEG technology can accurately detect brain activity at a resolution of a single
millisecond.
[Link] electrodes are simply stuck onto the scalp. It is therefore a non-invasive procedure.
5. EEG is simple to operate.
DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages of EEG:
[Link] main disadvantage of EEG recording is poor spatial resolution.
[Link] EEG signal is not useful for pin-pointing the exact source of activity. In other
words they are not very exact.
[Link] waveform does not researchers to distinguish between activities originating in different
but closely adjacent locations.
FEATURES
Features of EEG:
• Hardware costs are lower when compared with other imaging techniques such as
MRI scanning.
• EEG sensors can be deployed into a wide variety of environments.
• EEG allows higher temporal resolution on the order of milliseconds.
• EEG is relatively tolerable to subject movements as compared to MRI.
• The silent nature of EEG allows for better study of the responses.
• In EEG some voltage components can be detected even when the subject is not
responding to stimuli.
TOP VENDORS
$25,000 $20,000
TOP 4
VENDORS
OF EEG
$22,000 $24,000
References
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