C++ Programming II

Compiled By Mr. Abunu T.

 CONTENTS

01. What is programming

02. Building blocks of programs
03. Basic Elements of programming(C++ tokens)
04. Control statements
4.1 Decision statements

4.2 Loop statements

4.3 Flow control statements
 1 Computer Programming
◆ Programming refers to a technological process for telling a computer which tasks to perform in
order to solve problems.
◆ You can think of programming as a collaboration between humans and computers, in which
humans create instructions for a computer to follow (code) in a language computers can
understand.
◆ How does computer programming work?
✓ First, a programmer writes code—a set of letters, numbers, and other characters. Next, a
compiler converts each line of code into a language a computer can understand. Then, the
computer scans the code and executes it, thereby performing a task or series of tasks.
 2
What is C++
◆ C++ is a general purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming language that supports
object-oriented, procedural and generic programming.
◆ C++ is an extension of the C programming language
◆ C++ is a general-purpose programming language, created by Bjarne Stroustrup
◆ C++ includes all the elements of the C language plus it has additional features for working
with objects, classes, events, and other object-oriented concepts
 3 Structure of C++
 Let’s look the following simple C++ program

Hello World
 4 Structure of C++

 #include : is a preprocessor directive

 It instructs the preprocessor to include a section of standard C++ code, known as header
iostream, that allows it to perform standard input and output operations.
 The preprocessor reads your program before it is compiled and only executes those
lines beginning with a # symbol.
 Think of the preprocessor as a program that “sets up” your source code for the
compiler.
 The #include directive causes the preprocessor to include the contents of another file in
the program
 5 Structure of C++

 The word inside the brackets, iostream , is the name of the file that is to be included
 The iostream file contains code that allows a C++ program to display output on the
screen and read input from the keyboard
 <iostream> also called standard input-output stream
 The contents of the iostream file are included in the program at the point the #include
statement appears.
 The iostream file is called a header file, so it should be included at the head, or top, of
the program
 6 Structure of C++

 #include iostream provides the most used standard input and output streams, cin and cout.
 The syntax for using them is as follows:
 Standard Output Stream -- cout
 It is an instance of the ostream class.
 It produces output on the standard output device, i.e., the display screen
 We need to use the stream insertion operator << to insert data into the standard output
stream cout, which has to be displayed on the screen

Syntax:
cout << variable_name;
 7 Structure of C++

Standard Input Stream -- cin

 It is an instance of the istream class

 It reads input from the standard input device, i.e., the keyboard.
 We need to use the stream extraction operator >> to extract data entered using the
keyboard

Syntax:
cin>>variable_name;
 8 Structure of C++

 using namespace std;

Programs usually contain several items with unique names. Variables, functions, and
objects are examples of program entities that must have names
C++ uses namespaces to organize the names of program entities
The statement using namespace std; declares that the program will be accessing
entities whose names are part of the namespace called std
The reason the program needs access to the std namespace is because every name
created by the iostream file is part of that namespace
 9 Structure of C++

Namespace is a declarative region that provides a scope to the identifiers inside it

Namespaces in C++ provide scope for identifiers like variables, functions, and classes
with the same names.
The identifiers present inside a namespace's scope can be accessed outside the scope
only by using fully qualified names for each identifier
 Namespaces are an essential aspect of C++ because they help avoid naming conflicts in
our programs. If namespaces are used, multiple identifiers can have the same names
provided they are defined in separate namespaces
 10 Structure of C++

What is a Namespace?
Ex. There are two students with the same name in a classroom. To distinguish the two
students, we need to call them by their names and surnames. A situation like this can occur
in C++ as well. It might happen that a function we created with the name sqrt(), but this is
already present in the cmath library of C++. In this case, the compiler cannot differentiate
between the two function names. Hence, it will yield an error. To avoid this confusion,
namespaces are used.
 Namespaces provide a method to avoid name conflicts in a project. In essence a
namespace defines a scope
 11 Structure of C++

Defining a Namespace
A namespace definition begins with the keyword namespace followed by the
namespace name as follows: namespace namespace_name
{
Syntax: // code declarations
}

To call the namespace-enabled version of either function or variable, prepend (::) the
namespace name as follows :
name::code; // code could be variable or functions
 12

Examples
 13

Output

This is custom namespace

 The using directive

 You can also avoid prepending of namespaces with the using namespace directive
 14

The using keyword is used to:

 Bring a specific member from the namespace into the current scope.
 Bring all members from the namespace into​the current scope.
 Bring a base class method ​or variable into the current class’s scope.
 15

 Bring a specific member from the namespace into the current scope.
1 and 2 (string & cout ) are specific members of namespace

Output

C++ Programming
 16
 Bring all members from the namespace into​the current scope

Output

Enter Your Name: Nahom

Your Name is: Nahom

 17 int main()
 This marks the beginning of a function
A function can be thought of as a group of one or more programming statements that
collectively has a name
The name of this function is main, and the set of parentheses that follows the name
indicate that it is a function
The word int stands for “integer.” It indicates that the function sends an integer value
back to the operating system when it is finished executing
Although most C++ programs have more than one function, every C++ program must
have a function called main .
18 Steps for C++ Program Development and Execution

Execution

Loading
Linking
Compiling
Editing

5
4
3
2
1
 19 Editing

 Editing refers the typing or writing the program in any text editor.
 But we want all the things in one place like writing the program, compiling, and
executing it
 This can be achieved using IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
 IDE integrated all the tasks that are required to run a program.
 Examples of IDE’s: codeblocks, Dev++ etc.
 20
Compiling

 Consider a program [Link] which is saved in your computer hard disk.

 To compile the [Link] file, we need an IDE that contains a compiler. The compiler
converts the high-level code into machine-level language code.
 An object file has the .obj or .o file extension and is created for each source code file
after compilation of [Link]
 The object file contains all of the machine-level instructions for that file. It is referred
to as an intermediary file because it’s not until the final stage
 21 cont..

 If you had 3 cpp programs, the compiler would generate three objects.

Source file Source file Source file

[Link] [Link] [Link]

compiled compiled compiled

object file object file object file

Calculator.o Hello.o Addition.o
 22 Linking
After the compiler creates one or more object files, then another program called the
linker kicks in.
The job of the linker is three fold:
 First, to take all the object files generated by the compiler and combine them into a
single executable program object file : Calculator.o

Linker
Other libraries
C++ standard libraries

Executable file: [Link]

 23 Linking

Second, in addition to being able to link object files, the linker also is capable of linking
library files.

A library file is a collection of pre-compiled code that has been “packaged up” for
reuse in other programs.

The built-in objects and functions are grouped inside libraries that can be included in
programs as header files.
These libraries and header files are linked with the code during compilation where the
 24 Linking

 Third, the linker makes sure all cross-file dependencies are resolved properly.
 For example, if you define something in one .cpp file, and then use it in another .cpp
file, the linker connects the two together.
 If the linker is unable to connect a reference to something with its definition, you’ll get
a linker error, and the linking process will abort.
 Once the linker is finished linking all the object files and libraries (assuming all goes
well), you will have an executable file and you can run the executable file.
 25

Loading
 To execute the program code, the code must be brought to the main memory from the
secondary memory.

Execution:
 As soon as the program gets loaded in the main memory the program execution starts
 The execution of the program starts from the first line of the main function.
 26 Basic Elements of C++ Program (C++ tokens)

 A token is the smallest unit of a program that is meaningful to the compiler

 Tokens can categorized as follows

Operators
6 1 Keywords

Symbols
5 C++ tokens
2 Identifiers

Strings 4 3 Constants
 27 Keywords
Keywords are pre-defined or reserved words in a programming language
Keywords (also known as reserved words) have special meaning to the C++ compiler
and are always written or typed in short(lower) cases.
They are explicitly reserved identifiers and can’t be used as names for the program
variables or other user defined program elements
 28 Identifiers
 Identifiers refers to the name of variable, functions, array, class etc. created by
programmer
 These are user-defined names consisting of an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and
digits with either a letter or the underscore(_) as a first character.
 There are certain rules shat should be followed while naming identifiers
• An identifier name should begin with a letter or an underscore ( _ )
• An identifier name should be made up of letters, digits and underscores only
• Special characters and white spaces are not allowed.
• It should not be a keyword.
• Identifier names are case sensitive.
 29 Identifiers
 Which of the following is valid identifier and which is not
 30 Constants
 Constants are also like normal variables. But, the only difference is, their values can
not be modified by the program once they are defined.
 Constants refer to fixed values. They are also called literals.
 To declare constants: Syntax : const data_type variable_name;
 The different types of constants are:
 Integer constants – These constants store values of the int data type

const int data = 5;

N.B: const-is a pre-defined keyword which used to declare constant variables in our
program
 31 Constants
 Floating constants – These constants store values of the float data type
Ex: const float e = 2.71;
 Character constants – These constants store values of the character data type.
Ex: const char answer = ‘y’;
String constants – These constants are also of the character data type but differ in the
declaration part.
Ex: const char title[] = ‘‘DataFlair’’;
Ex: const string name = “Programming”;
 32 Strings

 A string stores a sequence of characters. It terminates with a null character ‘\0’.

 Unlike characters, strings in C++ are always enclosed within double quotes (” “).
 In C++, there are two types of strings:
 C-style strings
Example – char name[ ] = “Information”;
 Objects of the string class in the Standard C++ Library
Example – string name = “Systems”;
 33 Symbols
 The following special symbols are used in C++ has some special meaning
 Brackets[]: Opening and closing brackets are used as array element reference. These
indicate single and multidimensional subscripts
 Parentheses(): These special symbols are used to indicate function calls and function
parameters.
 Braces{}: These opening and ending curly braces mark the start and end of a block of
code containing more than one executable statement.
 Comma (, ): It is used to separate more than one statements like for separating
parameters in function calls.
 34 Symbols
 Semicolon(;): It is known as a statement terminator. It indicates the end of one logical
entity.
 Asterisk (*): It is used to create a pointer variable and for the multiplication of
variables

 Pre-processor (#): The preprocessor is a macro processor that is used automatically

by the compiler to transform your program before actual compilation.
 Period (.): Used to access members of a structure or union.
 35 Operators
 Operators are symbols that trigger an action when applied to C++ variables and other
objects
 The data items on which operators act upon are called operands.
 Depending on the number of operands that an operator can act upon, operators can be
classified as follows:
1
Unary Operators:
 Those operators that require only a single operand to act upon are known as unary
operators.
 For Example increment and decrement operators (++, - -)
 36 Operators
 Examples of Unary Operators

Output
5
5
6
 37 Operators
2 Binary Operators
 Those operators that require two operands to act upon are called binary operators.
 Binary operators are classified into :
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Bitwise Operator
 38 Operators
 Arithmetic Operators:
 These operators are used to perform arithmetic/mathematical operations on operands.
Examples: (+, -, *, /, %,++,–)

 Addition operator(‘+’): int x=5, y=10; z=x+y; // prints 15

 Subtraction operator(‘-’): int x=5, y=15; z=y-x; //prints 10
 Multiplication operator(‘*’): int a=5; b=5; c =a*b; // prints 25
 Division operator(‘/’): int a =10, b=2; c=a/b; //prints 5
 Modulus operator(‘%’): int a=10,b =2; c=a%b; //prints 0
39 Operators
Example of arithmetic operators

Addition=:18
Substruction=:8
Multiplication=:65
Division=:2
Modulus=:3
 40 Operators
 Relational Operators:
 Relational Operators in C++ which are also known as Comparison Operators used for
comparing the values of two operands
 The result of a relational operator is a bool value that can only be true or false according to the
result of the comparison Operator Operation
== Equal To
=! Not Equal To
> Greater Than
< Lesser Than
>= Greater Than Or Equal To
<= Less than or Equal To
 41 Operators
 Relational Operators:
 If the relation is true, it returns 1 whereas if the relation is false, it returns 0.
 Now, the following examples show the actual use of operators. Example of relational operator
1) If 10 > 30 then the result is false
2) If 40 > 17 then the result is true
Output
3) If 10 >= 300 then the result is false
4) If 10 <= 10 then the result is true a>b:0
a<b:1
a>=b:0
a<=b:1
a==b:0
a!=b:1
 42 Operators
 Logical Operators:
Logical operators in C++ are used to evaluate two or more conditions.
They allow a program to make a decision based on multiple conditions.
If the result of the logical operator is true then 1 is returned otherwise 0 is returned.
There are 3 types of logical operators in C++ and they are:
Operator Operation

&& Logical AND

|| Logical OR

! Logical NOT
 43 Operators
 Example of Logical Operators

Output
Logical &&: 0
Logical ||: 1
Logical Not: 1
 44 Control Statements
 Programmers can control which instruction to be executed in a program, which is called
flow control or control statement
 C++’s program control statements can be put into the following categories:
Selection Statement
1

2 Repetition Statement

Jump Statements
3
 45 Selection Statements

Selection statements are statements in a program where there are points at which the
program will decide at run time whether some part of the code should or should not be
executed.
The selection statements allow choosing the set of instructions for execution depending
upon an expression's truth value.
 C++ provides the following two types of selection statements:

1 If Statement

2 Switch Statement
 46 C++ If Statements

 It is sometimes desirable to make the execution of a statement dependent upon a

condition being satisfied.
 The different forms of the “If” statement are described as follows:

1 if statement
2 nested if-statement
3 if-else statement
4 if-else-if statement
 47 C++ If Statements
 if statement
 The if statement selects and executes the statement(s) based on a given condition
 The simple if statement will decide only one part of the program to be executed if the
condition is satisfied or ignored if the condition fails.
E.g. C++ program to check whether a person is eligible to vote or not
 Syntax:
if (expression) {
statement 1;
statement 2;
statement n;
}
Enter Your Age: 20
You Are eligible for voting
 48 C++ If Statements
 if-else statement
 The “if else if” statement allows us to specify two alternative statements
Syntax: Example: C++ program whether a given number is positive or negative
if (expression) {
statement 1;
}
else{
statement 2;
}

Enter Any Number:

15
15 is positive
 49 C++ If Statements
 if-else-if statement
 The “if else if” statement allows us to specify more than two alternative statements
each will be executed based on testing one or more conditions.
 Syntax:
if (expression1)
statements1;
else if(expression2)
statements2;
.
else if(expression N)
Statements N;
else
statements
 50 Switch statement

 C++ provides a multiple-branch selection statement known as a switch (multiple line

statements).
switch(expression) {
The switch statement components: case constant1:
Statement sequence
 Switch break;
 Case case constant2:
statement sequence
 Default break;
case constant3:
 Break statement sequence
break;
……….
default:
statement sequence}
 51 Switch statement

Example: a C++ program to demonstrate switch statement

Assume a user will enter 5

Output

Thursday
 52 Repetition Statements

Repetition statements control a block of code to be executed repeatedly for a fixed

number of times or until a certain condition fails
There are three C++ repetition statements

For-loop statement While-loop statement Do-while-loop statement

 53 For-loop statement

 For loop is a Entry Controlled Loop

 It allows us to write a loop that is executed a specific number of times.
 For loop is used to execute a set of statement repeatedly until a particular condition is
for (initialization; condition ; increment/decrement){
satisfied Syntax:
statement(s);
}

 initialization - initializes variables and is executed only once

 condition - if true, the body of for loop is executed if false, the for loop is terminated
 increment/decrement- updates the value of initialized variables and again checks the
condition
 54 For-loop statement
Example 1: Program to find the sum of first N natural numbers

Output
Enter Your Number: assume 5 is given
The sum is : 20
 55 Range-based for loop in C++

 Range-based for loop in C++ is added since C++ 11. It executes a for loop over a range
 Used as a more readable equivalent to the traditional for loop operating over a range of
values, such as all elements in a container
 This for loop is specifically used with collections such as arrays and vectors.
 Its Syntax is:
for ( range_declaration : range_expression)
{
loop_statement;
}
 56 Range-based for loop in C++

 range_declaration: a declaration of a named variable, whose type is the type of the

element of the sequence represented by range_expression, or a reference to that type.
 range_expression: any expression that represents a suitable sequence or a braced-init-
list
 loop_statement: any statement, typically a compound statement, which is the body of
// initialize an int array
the loop. int num[3] = {1, 2, 3}; In this example:

// use of ranged for loop  rangeDeclaration - int var

for (int var : num) {  rangeExpression - num
// code
}
 57 Range-based for loop in C++

 According to the previous example: the following figure shows that how the range
based for loop is implemented in C++
 58 Range-based for loop in C++

 Example: using range based for-loop

Output
Value of I: 1
Value of I: 2
Value of I: 3
Value of I: 4
Value of I: 5
59 Example2: Ragne based for-loop using vector

Output
5 10 15 20 25
 60 While-loop-statement

 is an entry controlled loop statement

 Working of while loop:
 A while loop evaluates the condition.
 If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the while loop is executed.
 The condition is evaluated again.
 This process continues until the condition is false.
 When the condition evaluates to false, the loop terminates
while (condition) {
Syntax // body of the while loop
}
 61 While loop statement

 Example of while loop:

Information Systems
Information Systems
Information Systems
Information Systems
Information Systems
 62 While loop statement

 Example of while loop:

0 2 4 6 8 10
 63 Do-While loop statement

 The do-while loop is exit-controlled loop.

 In do-while loop the loop body will execute at least once irrespective of test condition.
 Working of do-while loop
 The body of the loop is executed at first. Then the condition is evaluated.
 If the condition evaluates to true, the body of the loop inside the do statement is executed again.
 The condition is evaluated once again.
 If the condition evaluates to true, the body of the loop inside the do statement is executed again.
 This process continues until the condition evaluates to false. Then the loop terminates.
 64 Do-While loop statement

 Do-while loop syntax:

do {
// body of loop;
}
while (condition);

Enter Number: 5
1
2
3
4
5
 65 Do-While loop statement

 Program to display sum of numbers until the user enter negative number

Enter Number:
1
2
3
4
-5
Sum:= 10
 66 Nested loop statement

 A loop can be nested inside of another loop

 There are different nested loop structures in different control statements.
 Nested for loop

for (initialization; condition; update)

{
for (initialization; condition; update)
Syntax: {
// body of inner for-loop
}
// body of outer for-loop
}
 67 Nested loop statement

Nested do-while-loop statement in C++ Nested while loop statement in C++

do { while(condition)
statement(s); {
do {
statement(s); while(condition)
} {
while( condition ); statement(s);

} }
while( condition ); outer while loop statement;
}
68 Program to print numbers using nested loop in C++:

Output
00
01
10
11
 69 Nested loop statement

 Write a program to display the following pattern using nested (for, while, and do
while)statement respectively.
B C

A
1 1
* 22 12
* * 333 123
* * * 4444 1234
* * * * 55555 12345
70 Cont..

Output

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
71 Cont..

Output

1
22
333
4444
55555
72 Cont..

Output

1
12
123
1234
12345
 73 C++ Jump Statements

 Jump statements are used to obstruct the normal flow of execution of a program
 It is used to terminating or continues the loop inside a program or to stop the execution
of a function
 Jump statements in C++ mainly have four types :
 Continue statements
 Break statements
 Goto statements
 Return statement
 74 C++ Jump Statements

 Continue Statements:
 Continue statement skips any remaining statements in the current iteration and
immediately passes the control to the next iteration
 The continue statement does not terminate the loop (as in the case of break
statements), rather it only terminates the current iteration of the loop.
 It is used with a decision-making statement which must be present inside the loop.
 This statement can be used inside for loop or while or do-while loop.

Syntax: continue;
 75 C++ Jump Statements

 A program to show the implementation of the continue statement in C++ :

Odd Numbers between 1 to 10

13579
 76 C++ Jump Statements

 Break Statements:
 It is used to terminate the whole loop if the condition is met.
 Unlike the continue statement after the condition is met, it breaks the loop and the
remaining part of the loop is not executed.
 Break statement is used with decision-making statements such as if, if-else, or switch
statement which is inside the for loop which can be for loop, while loop, or do-while
loop.
 It forces the loop to stop the execution of the further iteration.
Syntax: break;
 77 C++ Jump Statements

 Program to demonstrate break statement

Output

1234
 78 C++ Jump Statements

 Return statement
 The return statements can be used in any part of the function.
 The objective of the return statement is to stop the execution of the current function
and transfers the program control to the point from where it has been called
 If a return statement is used in the main function, it will stop the compilation process of
the program.
 The return statement is also used to transfer a computed value of the function that
belongs to a predefined return type to the variable used to call the function.

Syntax: return expression;

 79 C++ Jump Statements

 Program to demonstrate return statement

01234
 80 C++ Jump Statements

 Goto Statements
 Like the return statements, the goto statements can be used in any part of a function.
 The objective of the goto statement is to jump directly to any part of the function
 The goto statement hits the program control to the part of the program defined by a
label.
 A label acts as an argument to the goto statement and an identifier, initiating with a
colon(:), defining a piece of code
 A label can be placed anywhere in the program, irrespective of the position of the goto
statement
 81 C++ Jump Statements

 If the label is placed after the goto statement, it is said to be a forward reference.
 If the label is placed before the goto statement, it is said to be a backward reference.
 Diagram to show forward and backward reference in the goto statement:
82 Examples
Backward reference Forward reference
 THANK YOU!
Any Questions??
You can find me at
abunutesfaw@[Link]
abunu@[Link]