NOMENCLATURE Rules in naming ionic and covalent compounds I.
a) Binary ionic compounds (those containing only two elements) 1. Name the positive ion first For example, Na+ is the sodium ion is named as sodium Ca2+ is the calcium ion is named as calcium 2. Followed by the negative ion with the ending ide For example, Br - is the bromide O2- is the oxide . For example: KBr - is named potassium bromide MgO is named magnesium oxide
CaCl2 calcium chloride Al2S3 aluminum sulfide
b) Metals that form more than one charge
Know first the charge on the ion before we can name the compound. Name the metal followed by the Roman numeral in parenthesis to indicate its oxidation number Followed by the anion in the usual way or use -ous for lower oxidation number and -ic for higher oxidation no. Examples; 1. FeCl2 Iron (II) chloride or ferrous chloride 2. FeCl3 Iron (III) chloride or ferric chloride
METALS with Variable Oxidation number
1. Fe
2. Cu 3. Co 4. Au 5. Pb 6. Sn 7. Hg
c) Many ionic compounds consist of a metal and a polyatomic ion
These compounds are named by placing the name of the metal first, followed by the name of the polyatomic ion. For example: Na2CO3 is sodium carbonate KHSO4 is potassium hydrogen sulfate (potassium bisulfate). Examples; 1. KMnO4 potassium permanganate 2. Pb(C2H3O2)2 lead (II) acetate
d) Binary Covalent Compounds
Binary covalent compounds, such as SO2, are named in much the same way. The name of the element with the lower electronegativity is placed first. The second element is named by adding the suffix -ide to the name of the parent element. Prefixes are also added to the name of each element to show the number of atoms of that element in the molecule as follows; mono 1 tetra 4 hepta - 7 deca - 10 di - 2 penta 5 octa - 8 tri - 3 hexa - 6 nona - 9 The prefix mono- is usually left out, unless it helps distinguish between two different compounds. For example, CO is carbon monoxide and CO2 is carbon dioxide.
e) Nomenclature of Acids
1. 2. 3. 4. An acid is a compound composed of the two parts: cation and anion. In common acids, the cation is always the hydrogen ion. Since they have a common cation, it is not necessary to name The name of the acid can be determined from the anion present by using the following rules: a.1) If the anion has the suffix -ide, the acid will be named hydro----ic acid. Example: Anion Acid name HCl Chloride hydrochloric acid HCN Cyanide hydrocyanic acid a.2) If the anion has the suffix -ite, the acid will be named ---ous acid. Examples: Anion Acid name NO2nitrite HNO2 Nitrous acid SO3 -2 sulfite H2SO3 sulfurous acid
a.3) If the anion has the suffix -ate, the acid will be named ---ic acid.
Examples: Anion SO4 2- Sulfate NO3Nitrate
Acid name H2SO4 sulfuric acid HNO3 nitric acid
f) Nomenclature of Bases
A base is a compound composed of a cation and the hydroxide ion (OH-). When naming a base, simply state the name of the cation and add the word hydroxide. Examples: NaOH sodium hydroxide NH4OH ammonium hydroxide
G. Hydrates
Hydrate is an ionic compound in which the formula unit includes a fixed number of water molecules together with cations and anions which can be indicated by numerical prefixes such as those used for covalent compounds. For example, CaCl2 6H2O is named calcium chloride hexahydrate. HEXA, indicating there are six water molecules included in the formula. For example: BaCl2 2 H2O barium chloride dihydrate
Give the name of the ff:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. NaCl ________________________ KI ________________________ FeCl2 ________________________ MgCl2 ________________________ KOH _________________________ PCl3 _________________________ CCl4 _________________________
FORMULA WRITING I. FORMULA of ELEMENTS a) Gaseous elements are diatomic that is, their molecules consist of two atoms. Exception: the inert gases. Even elements which are not gases at ordinary conditions but can exist in the gaseous state are written with the subscript two. EXAMPLES: Nitrogen molecule is written as N2; hydrogen H2; oxygen O2; chlorine as Cl2;bromine, Br2; iodine I2; fluorine as F2. b) Metallic elements are mono atomic. That is, their molecules consist of one atom. In this case an atom becomes equal to a molecule. EXAMPLES: Ag,Na,Mg,Al,Cu,Ca,Co,etc.
II. FORMULA of IONIC COMPOUNDS
1. The formula of a compound is written by placing the symbol side by side, writing down first the element (or radical) with the positive charge(valence) followed by the element (or radical )with the negative charge (valence). EXAMPLES: [Link] Na+1 and chlorine Cl-1 NaCl 2. Potassium K KOH
+1
and hydroxide OH
-1
2. The total positive charge (valence) must be equal to the total negative charge (valence) in a compound. EXAMPLE: Potassium K+1 and Bromine Br-1 K+1Br-1 = 0
3. The number of atoms of the polyvalent element in a compound is determined as follows: a) Identify the correct valence of each atom ( radical ) b) Cross multiply their charges so that the total positive charge equals the total negative charge. c) The valence of one element is the subscript of the other and vice versa. EXAMPLES: 1. Mg +2 Cl -1
Mg Cl2
2.
K+1 K2CrO4
CrO4 -2
d) Enclose in parenthesis radicals which are to be taken more than once. EXAMPLE: Bismuth nitrate Bi+2 NO3 -1 Bi(NO3)2
Give the chemical formula:
C. FORMULA of COVALENT COMPOUNDS Covalent compounds are formed between nonmetallic elements. The formula of a covalent compound maybe correctly written by taking note of the numerical prefixes used in the name. EXAMPLES: 1. Carbon dioxide CO2 2. Tetraphosphorus decoxide P4O10
Give the chemical name of the ff:
1. Aluminum oxide __________________ 1. Potassium permanganate____________
1. Barium oxide _____________________ 1. Zinc chloride _____________________