Lesson 3: SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
Lesson 3.1: Sampling Methods
Learning Competencies: The learner …
[Link] random sampling.
At the end of the lesson , you will answer the
following questions
• What is sampling?
• What is the difference between a sample and a population?
• Why should a researcher study a sample rather than a population?
• What is the difference between a probability sampling and a nonprobability
sampling?
• Differentiate the different probability sampling techniques.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of using random sampling?
SAMPLING
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which
a predetermined number of observations are taken from a
larger population. The methodology used to sample from a
larger population depends on the type of analysis being
performed. [Link]/terms/s/[Link]
SAMPLING
POPULATION
SAMPLE
ELEMENT
REASONS FOR SAMPLING
[Link] contact the whole population would be time consuming.
[Link] cost of studying all the items in a population may be
prohibitive.
[Link] physical impossibility of checking all items in the
population.
[Link] destructive nature of some tests.
[Link] sample results are adequate.
SAMPLING FRAME
[Link] sampling frame is a listing of items that make up the population
[Link] are data sources such as population lists, directories, or maps
[Link] or biased results can result if a frame excludes certain
portions of the population
[Link] different frames to generate data can lead to dissimilar
conclusions.
TYPES OF SAMPLES
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Non-probability sampling is judgmental sampling.
It does not provide every member of the population an equal chance of being
selected as part of the sample.
The probability or chance of an element to be chosen as a sample is
unknown.
One disadvantage of using this sampling technique is the possibility of bias. A
bias is the greater probability of certain types/class of sample units/elements
to be included in the selected sample. The conclusion derived from a non-
probability sample is limited to the sample itself.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Accidental Sampling
In accidental sampling, the investigator selects the sample units as
they become available.
Example: An investigator who wants to interview 25 students
about their study habits may stand at the door of a classroom and
interview the first 25 students who enter the room. If better
students tend to enter the classroom earlier than the slower
students, the bias in favor of the brightest students is introduced.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
2. Purposive Sampling
In this type of sampling, the investigator uses a specific purpose in
selecting a sample.
Example: A researcher wants to know how grandparents feel about
their grandchildren. He may select men and women who are 65
years old and above who have grandchildren to serve as
respondents. If there are younger grandparents in the population,
they cannot be included in the study.
PROBABILITY SAMPLES
A probability sample is a sample selected such that each item or person in the population
being studied has a known likelihood of being included in the sample.
May be done by
1. Drawing of lots.
2. Using table of random digits.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
[Link] Random Sample
A sample selected so that each item or person in the population has the
same chance of being included.
It may be restricted (with replacement) or unrestricted (without
replacement).
a. Restricted type. After drawing a sample, the chosen element is returned to
the container before the next sample element is selected.
b. Unrestricted type. A chosen element is not replaced. After drawing the first
sample, the second sample is drawn next. The first sample unit drawn is
not anymore returned nor replaced.
Simple Random Sampling: Drawing of Lots
For instance, you want to study the extent of participation in school activities of 24 grade 10
students in School A, and you want to draw a random sample of 10 students. A decision has
been made to choose the sample without replacement. It is also assumed that the class is
homogenous in regard to a number of characteristics. Sampling may be done by “draw lots”
or by using a table of random number.
Population: 24 students
Sampling Frame: A list of the 24 grade 10 students
Sampling Unit: Student
Steps in selecting the sample by drawing of lots (without replacement)
Step 1: Make a list of the students and give them a corresponding number 01 to 25. Assuming that the
names of students are the alphabets, list the names of students and give them their corresponding numbers
A 01 G 07 M 13 S 19
B 02 H 08 N 14 T 20
C 03 I 09 O 15 U 21
D 04 J 10 P 16 V 22
E 05 K 11 Q 17 W 23
F 06 L 12 R 18 X 24
Step 2: Write a number or small piece of paper and roll it. After writing all 25 number, place the rolled pieces
of paper in a container, shake the container and pick one piece paper at a time until you have picked 10.
For instance if the numbers picked are 3,7,13,25,17,21,5,6,12,20, then the sample students are
C,G,M,Y,Q,U,E,F,R and T.
Simple Random Sampling: Using random numbers
You are to study 100 grade 9 students of NDC about their experiences in the use of IBT as an instructional tool and you
want to draw 15 students.
Population: 100 students
Sampling Frame: A list of the 100 grade 9 students
Sampling Unit: Student
Identify the type of sampling technique used by the
researcher in each of the following situations
1. The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500 grade
10 students. The researcher selected every 2oth name
on the list.
2. In a recent research that was conducted in a private
school, the subjects of the study were selected by using
the Table of Random Numbers.
3. A researcher interviewed people from each town in
the province of Albay for his research on population.
4. A researcher is doing a research work on the students’
reaction to the newly implemented curriculum in
mathematics and interviewed every 10th student
entering the gate of the school.
5. A researcher who is studying the effects of educational
attainment on promotion conducted a survey of 50
randomly selected workers from each of these
categories: high school graduate, with undergraduate
degrees, with master’s degree, and with doctoral
degree.
6. A selected a sample of n = 120 from a population of 850
by using the Table of Random Numbers.
7. A researcher interviewed all top 10 Grade 11 students in
each of 15 randomly selected private schools in Region
12.
8. A researcher randomly selected 10 barangays in a town
for her study. She did this by writing the names of each
barangay on a piece of paper which she folded and put in
a bowl then she draw 10 pieces of paper from the bowl.
9. A teacher asked her student to fall in line. He instructed
one of them to select every 5th student on the line.
10. A teacher who is conducting a research on the effects
of using calculators in teaching mathematics decided to
divide her students into male and female and then she
selected students from each group.
By pair: 1 whole
1. There are 120 teachers. Select a sample of 40 teachers by using the
systematic sampling technique.
2. A researcher wants to select 35 people from a population of 150.
How is she going to do it by using the systematic sampling technique?
3. The population consists of 1, 200 people. How will a researcher
choose from this population a simple random sample of 60 people?
4. There are 43 barangays in the town of Mexico, Pampanga. According
to 2010 Census, Mexico, Pampanga has a population of 146, 851
people. Hence today, perhaps, there are already more or less 200,
000 people. A researcher wants to conduct a study on family planning
in this town. Shen wants her sample to consist only of 150 families.
How is she going to choose the members of her sample?