SEDIMENTARY AND

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Group 6 Reporters (BSCE 2B)
Heaven Barroga
Aczineth Lagundino
Jeric Pacariem
Claire Silvestre
Cyrus Utleg
MAIN CATEGORIES OF ROCKS

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

IGNEOUS ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK

Sedimentary
Rocks
Proxy of the Past
 Sedimentary Rocks
 A sedimentary rock, by definition, is
usually composed of many, smaller
rocks.
 Sedimentary rocks are formed on or
near the Earth’s surface, in contrast
to metamorphic and igneous rocks,
which are formed deep within the
Earth.
 Sedimentary rocks cover most of the
Earth’s rocky surface, but they only
make up a very small percentage of
the planet’s crust.
 GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES TO
CREATE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

 EROSION
 WEATHERING
 DISSOLUTION
 LITHIFICATION
 PRECIPITATION
 California Death
Valley Salt Flats
TWO CATEGORIES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
1. DETRITAL ROCK
 Comes from the erosion and accumulation of rock fragments,
sediment, or other materials—categorized in total as detritus, or
debris.
 Detritus is a Latin word meaning "wearing away“.
2. CHEMICAL ROCK
 Produced from the dissolution and precipitation of minerals.
 SEDIMENTS
 Fragments of rocks worn down or broken down as a result of the processes
called weathering and erosion.
 These fragments are then usually carried away on the earth’s surface until
they settle on the end of lakes, river banks, or river beds, near the shore, or
just near places where weathering and erosion occur.
 Sediment can accumulate in tea and coffee! The tiny materials left at the
bottom of coffee mugs and teacups, the remains of coffee grounds, and tea
leaves are a type of sediment called dregs.
 Sediment layers usually settle over dead animals or plants and turn into
fossils.
 SEDIMENTS’
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO SIZE
 Clay – Between 0 cm and 0.0004 cm
 Silt – Between 0.0004 cm and 0.0006 cm
 Sand – Between 0.0006 cm and 0.2 cm
 Pebble – Between 0.2 cm and 6.4 cm
 Cobble – Between 6.4 cm and 25.6 cm
 Boulder – Any sediments beyond 25.6
cm
SEDIMENT SIZES
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 CLASTIC (FRAGMENTAL)
 ORGANIC (BIOLOGICAL)
 CHEMICAL
 CLASTIC
SEDIMENTAR
Y ROCKS
 Formed from clasts or pieces
from other rocks.
 An example of this type is the
Wave rock formation in Arizona,
United States of America
 Sandstones are formed through
the hardening of sand over time.
 Examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
 Conglomerate – rounded fragments
 Breccia – angular fragments
 Sandstone – fine to coarse
 Siltstone – very fine grain
 Shale – compact, may split easily
 BRECCIA
CONGLOMERATE
SILTSTONE

SHALE

Examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

 ORGANIC
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
 Also known as Biological Sedimentary
Rocks
 Formed from hard, biological materials
such as plants, shells or remains (bones)
of dead animals.
 A great example of this type of
sedimentary rock is ‘coal’.
Examples of Organic Sedimentary Rocks
 Limestone – cemented shell fragments, or precipitates of biologic
origin; mostly of calcium carbonate from ancient marine life
 Coal – from plant remains
LIMESTONE
 ORGANIC
SEDIMENTAR
Y ROCKS
 Coal is a sediment that is made up
of hardened plant debris.
 Usually found on the sites of former
swamps and wetlands.
 Three Types of Coals
Lignite
Anthracite

Bituminous
TYPES OF
COAL
 Lignite
 Often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, dull, combustible, sedimentary
rock formed from naturally compressed peat.
 It has a carbon content of around 25–35%.
 It is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content.
 Lignite has a high moisture content and a low heating value, so it is mainly used for
electricity generation, often near mining sites.
 Lignite is the first stage of coalification, the process of transforming plant matter
into coal. The next stages are bituminous, and anthracite coal, which have higher
carbon and energy content.
 TYPES OF

COAL
Bituminous
 Most common type of coal, used for electricity, steel, and coke production.
 It has a black or dark brown color, with layers of shiny and dull material, and a medium
rank of carbon content.
 It forms from ancient plants that were buried and compressed under high pressure and
temperature for millions of years.
 It produces more smoke, ash, and greenhouse gases than other coals.
 It is classified into three groups based on its volatile matter, which affects its burning
characteristics and emissions: high, medium, and low.
 TYPES OF

COAL
Anthracite
 It is the highest rank of coal, with a high carbon content and a low volatile matter,
making it a clean and efficient fuel source.
 It accounts for less than 2 percent of the world's coal reserves.
 It can be used in cookers, boilers, stoves, and other closed appliances, and it is
suitable for burning in smoke control areas, as it produces less smoke and ash than
other coals.
 It is a natural and versatile fuel that offers a long–lasting, and intense fire, ideal for
heating homes and businesses.
 CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
 Formed from chemical precipitation.
This occurs as water travels through
Earth’s crust, weathering the rock and
dissolving some of its minerals,
transporting it elsewhere.
 An example of this type is Rock Salt or
Halite.
 Rock Salts are sediments compacted by
water current and glued together with
salt crystals.
Examples of Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
 Halite – forms from the evaporation of ocean water (salt water).
 Rock Gypsum – deposited from lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs, from
volcanic vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins.
 Dolostone – mainly composed of Dolomite.

DOLOSTONE GYPSUM
ROCK
 Metamorphic
Rocks

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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 Metamorphic rocks, taken from the Greek for “change of form”, meta-meaning
change and –morphos meaning form, is one of the three rock categories in the rock
cycle, which are formed when pre-existing rocks undergo metamorphism.
 All metamorphic rocks have protoliths. The preexisting rocks may
be igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.
 The word metamorphism is taken from the Greek for “change of form”.
Metamorphism comprises changes both in mineralogy and in the fabric of the
original rock.
3 AGENTS OF METAMORPHISM
1. TEMPERATURE
(HEAT)
Temperature increases can be
caused by layers of sediments
being buried deeper and
deeper under the surface of
the Earth.
Temperatures at which metamorphism occurs range from the
conditions of diagenesis (approximately 150–200 °C) up to the onset
of melting. Rocks of different compositions begin to melt at different
temperatures, with initial melting occurring at roughly 650–750 °C in
rocks of granitic or shaley composition and approximately 900–1,200
°C in rocks of basaltic composition.
 3 AGENTS OF METAMORPHISM
CONFINING PRESSURE
2. PRESSURE Pressure exerted on rocks under the surface is
due to the simple fact that rocks lie on top of one
another. When pressure is exerted from rocks above,
it is balanced from below and sides, and is
The pressure that
called confining or lithostatic pressure.
affects metamorphic rock
s can be grouped into: DIRECTED STRESS
Directed stresses are generated by the movement
of lithospheric plates. Directed stress modifies the
parent rock at a mechanical level, changing the
arrangement, size, and/or shape of the mineral
crystals.
3 AGENTS OF METAMORPHISM
3. CHEMICALLY
ACTIVE FLUIDS

A third metamorphic agent is chemically reactive fluids

that are expelled by crystallizing magma and created
by metamorphic reactions. These fluids react
with minerals in the protolith, changing its chemical
equilibrium and mineral composition, in a process similar
to the reactions driven by heat and pressure.
3 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
1. CONTACT METAMORPHISM
Contact Metamorphism occurs when magma comes in contact with an already existing
body of rock.
Contact metamorphism produces non-foliated (rocks without any cleavage) rocks such as
marble, quartzite, and hornfels.

This Photo by Unknown This Photo by Unknown

This Photo by Unknown Author is Author is licensed under Author is licensed under
licensed under CC BY CC BY CC BY-SA

MARBLE QUARTZITE HORNFEL

3 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
2. REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
Regional Metamorphism occurs over a much larger area and is caused by large geologic
processes such as mountain-building. 
Regional metamorphism usually produces foliated rocks such as gneiss and schist.

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under CC BY licensed under CC BY

GNEISS SCHIST
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTACT
AND REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
TYPE OF DEFINITON AREA PROCESS
METAMORPHISM
CONTACT Formation of a Smaller area Involves contact of a
METAMORPHISM metamorphic rock due rock with magma
to the contact of
magma

REGIONAL Formation of a Larger area Involves a collision

METAMORPHISM metamorphic rock between continental or
occurs in a wide area oceanic plates
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

1. FOLIATES 
 Are composed of large amounts of micas and chlorites.
 These minerals have very distinct cleavage.
 Foliated metamorphic rocks will split along cleavage lines that are parallel to
the minerals that make up the rock.
CLASSIFICATION OF FOLIATES
SCHIST
 Rocks in which metamorphic minerals are easily seen by eye or hand lens and in which the mineral
grains have a highly orientated fabric.

SLATE
 Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock with perfect cleavage that allows it to split into thin sheets.
 It usually has a light to dark brown streak.

GNEISS
 A medium grade metamorphic rock. This means that it has been subjected to more heat and pressure
than slate, which is a low grade metamorphic rock. 
PROTOLITHS AND THEIR METAMORPHIC ROCK PAIRS
EXAMPLES

Exposure to
heat and
pressure

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

SLATE
a fine-grained, foliated
SCHIST
metamorphic rock that is created by the a foliated metamorphic rock made up of
alteration of shale or mudstone plate-shaped mineral grains that are
large enough to see with an unaided eye
 PROTOLITHS AND THEIR METAMORPHIC ROCK
PAIRS
EXAMPLES

Exposure to
heat and
pressure

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

SHALE SLATE
a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the a fine-grained, foliated
compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles metamorphic rock that is created by the
that we commonly call "mud" alteration of shale or mudstone
PROTOLITHS AND THEIR METAMORPHIC ROCK PAIRS
EXAMPLES

Exposure to
heat and
pressure

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

SCHIST GNEISS
a foliated metamorphic rock made up of a coarse to medium grained banded
plate-shaped mineral grains that are large metamorphic rock formed from igneous
enough to see with an unaided eye or sedimentary rocks
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

2. NON-FOLIATES
 Are metamorphic rocks that have no cleavage at all.
 Non-foliated textures do not have lineations, foliations, or other alignments of
mineral grains.
 Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are typically composed of just one mineral, and
therefore, usually show the effects of metamorphism with recrystallization in
which crystals grow together, but with no preferred direction.
CLASSIFICATION OF NON-FOLIATES
QUARTZITE
 A natural metamorphic quartz stone that is composed almost entirely
of solid quartz.

MARBLE
 Rock derived from the metamorphism of carbonate sediments
containing calcite or dolomite are marbles.
PROTOLITHS AND THEIR METAMORPHIC ROCK PAIRS
EXAMPLES

Exposure to
heat and
pressure

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SANDSTONE QUARTZITE
a sedimentary rock composed mostly of
a natural metamorphic quartz stone that is
quartz sand, but it can also contain
composed almost entirely of solid quartz
significant amounts of feldspar, and
sometimes silt and clay
PROTOLITHS AND THEIR METAMORPHIC ROCK PAIRS
EXAMPLES

Exposure
to heat and
pressure

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

MARBLE
LIMESTONE a granular metamorphic rock derived from
a sedimentary rock that is limestone or dolomite and consists of a mass of
composed of the mineral calcite interlocking grains of calcite or the mineral
dolomite
 REFERENCES
(SEDIMENTARY ROCKS):
SITES/ARTICLES
[Link]/encyclopedia/sediment/
Sedimentary Rocks | Types Of Sedimentary Rocks | DK Find Out
Bituminous Coal - Definition, Prosperities, Types, Uses and Value ([Link])
Bituminous coal | coal classification | Britannica
Dolomite: A sedimentary rock known as dolostone or dolomite rock ([Link])
REFERENCES
(METAMORPHIC ROCKS):
[Link]
-rocks
[Link]
[Link]
m/
[Link]
[Link]
minerals%20also%20provide,%2Dto%2Dhigh%20grade%20rock
.