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Understanding Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Liquid-liquid extraction systems contain a solute, carrier liquid, and extracting solvent. There are three main steps: 1) Mixing and contacting the liquids to allow mass transfer of the solute between phases, 2) Phase separation as the drops coalesce back into layers, and 3) Collection of the raffinate and extract phases. The system can form three binary systems and be categorized based on miscibility. Type 1 systems have a solute miscible in both liquids, forming a binodal curve with a plait point. Type 2 systems have partial miscibility of the solute and solvent, without a plait point. Ternary phase diagrams can be used to plot the compositions and lever rule applied.

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Mayank Vashishtha
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122 views12 pages

Understanding Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Liquid-liquid extraction systems contain a solute, carrier liquid, and extracting solvent. There are three main steps: 1) Mixing and contacting the liquids to allow mass transfer of the solute between phases, 2) Phase separation as the drops coalesce back into layers, and 3) Collection of the raffinate and extract phases. The system can form three binary systems and be categorized based on miscibility. Type 1 systems have a solute miscible in both liquids, forming a binodal curve with a plait point. Type 2 systems have partial miscibility of the solute and solvent, without a plait point. Ternary phase diagrams can be used to plot the compositions and lever rule applied.

Uploaded by

Mayank Vashishtha
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Liquid Liquid Extraction

A liquid-liquid extraction system contains at least three components – solute(C) , carrier


liquid in the feed (A) and extracting solvent (B).
Definitions

▻
solute: species we aim to recover (A) from the feed
▻
feed or “feed solvent”: one of the liquids in the system (“carrier”)
▻
solvent: MSA (by convention: the “added” liquid)
▻
extract: solvent (not solute) mostly present in this layer.
▻
yE,A = concentration of A, the solute, in extract.
We aim for the solute (A) to be mostly in the extract stream.

raffinate: residual solute in this layer = xR,A

distribution: how the solute partitions itself = DA = yE,A/xR,A
Major steps
1. Mixing/contacting:

turbulent contact between liquid phases
 small droplet dispersion in a continuous phase

which phase is dispersed?
 mass-transfer between phases
 limited by solute loading in solvent
2. Phase separation:
 reverse of above mixing step

drops come together and coalesce
 relies on density difference
3. Collection of phases leaving the unit
 split the raffinate from the extract
Ternary Systems
Three binary systems can be formed, A-B, B-C, C- A. Mutual miscibility behaviour of
the component determines the nature of equilibrium diagram

Categories
a) The carrier (A) and extracting solvent (B) are practically immiscible.
b) The solute(C) is miscible with carrier (A) and solvent (B) in all proportions.→ Type I
c) The solute (C) is completely miscible with carrier (A) but both solute (C) and carrier (A)
have limited miscibility with the solvent (B). →Type II
Type 1
 C is miscible with A and B: curve RPS is equilibrium
diagram

 Curve RPS is equilibrium diagram.


 G1 and H1 Two liquid phases in equilibrium

G1is rich in carrier (Raffinate)

H1 is rich in solvent (Extract)
 G1H1 Tie line
 ** Point “P” demarcates the raffinate and extract sides of
equilibrium curve and is called “plait point”. The type of
curve RPS is called “binodal” because it has two arms RP
and PS.
 A liquid mixture having “overall composition” corresponding
to a point K is a two phase mixture. Keep undisturbed it
separates into two phases at equilibrium. The compositions
are

G2 and H2. Amounts are given by “Lever arm rule”.
 G2/H2 = KH2/KG2
Type 2
A-B and B-C are partially miscible

The raffinate and the extract arm of the


equilibrium diagram do not meet, so there
is no “plait point”.
Using a triangular phase diagrams
Plot on Ternary phase diagram
Ternary Phase diagram
Lever Rule

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