Quarter 1 | Lesson 1
SETS
What is a Set?
A set is a well-defined
collection of distinct
objects.
The objects in a set are
called the elements or
members of the set.
What is a Set?
Capital letters A,B,C,…
usually denote sets.
Lowercase letters a,b,c,
… denote the elements
of a set.
Take Note
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} read
as “set A whose
elements are 1, 2, 3
and 4”
Take Note
P = {apples, grapes,
bananas}
Take Note
X= {monkey,
chicken, lion,
horse}
Take Note
Take Note
Examples
Examples
Examples
Activity
The collection of even
numbers from 1 to 10
E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Activity
The collection of vowels in
the word diamond.
Activity
Ways of Naming Sets
1. Verbal description
Example: A = {vowels in the alphabet}
2. Listing or Roster method
Example: A = {a, e, i, o, u}
3. Set-builder notation or Rule
method
Example: A = {x/x is a vowel in the
alphabet}
Let’s do this…
1. B = {x/x is a prime number
greater than 20 but less than 50}
2. C = {even numbers less than
20}
3. E = {nouns that start with
letter “a”}
VD for Verbal Description
RM for Listing/Roster Method
SB for Set Builder Notation
1. B = {x/x is a prime number}
2. C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10,…}
3. E = {verbs that start with
letter r}
VD for Verbal Description
RM for Listing/Roster Method
SB for Set Builder Notation
4. A = {apple, orange, grapes}
5. F = {x/x is a color}
6. P = {countries in the Southeast
Asia}
7. Q = {a, e, i, o, u}
VD for Verbal Description
RM for Listing/Roster Method
SB for Set Builder Notation
8. A = {yellow fruits}
9. F = {daisy, rose, orchid, lily}
10. P = {x/x is a flower in the
garden}
Write the 3 ways of naming sets
Empty Set
The set with no elements.
Also called the null set.
Denoted by the symbol
xample: The set of
vowels in the word
RHYTHM.
Finite Set
A finite set is one which
can be counted.
Example: The set of two-
digit positive integers has
90 elements.
Infinite Set
An infinite set is one
which cannot be
counted.
Example: The set of
integer multiples of the
number 5.
Cardinality of a Set
Notation: |A| or n (A)
For
finite sets A, |A|is the
number of elements of A.
For
infinite sets A, write |A|
= ∞.
Universal Set
A set U that includes all of the
elements under consideration in a
particular discussion.
Depends on the context.
Examples: The set of letters in the
alphabet, the set of counting
numbers, the set of points on a line.
The Membership Relation
Let A be a set and let x be some
object.
Notation: x A
Meaning: x is a member of A, or x is
an element of A, or x belongs to A.
Negated by writing
Example: x .A , .
V a, e, i, o, u e V b V
Equality of Sets
Two sets A and B are equal, denoted A=B,
if they have the same elements.
Otherwise, A≠B.
Example: The set A of odd positive integers
is not equal to the set B of prime numbers.
Example: The set of odd integers between
4 and 8 is equal to the set of prime
numbers between 4 and 8.
Subsets
A is a subset of B if every element of A is
an element of B.
Notation: A B
For each set A, A A
For each set B, Ø B
A is proper subset of B if A B and A B
Unions
The union of two sets A and B is
A B x x A or x B
The word “or” is inclusive.
Intersections
The intersection of A and B is
A B x x A and x B
Example: Let A be the set of even
positive integers and B the set of prime
positive integers. Then
A B {2}
Definition: A and B are disjoint if
A B Ø
Complements
o If A is a subset of the universal set U,
then the complement of A is the set
Ac x U x A
c
Note: A A ; A A U
c
o
Venn Diagrams
Set A represented as a disk inside a
rectangular region representing U.
Possible Venn Diagrams
for Two Sets
U U
A B
A B
A B
The Complement of a Set
Ac
A
The shaded region represents the
complement of the set A
The Union of Two Sets
A B
The Intersection of Two Sets
A B
Sets Formed by Two Sets
o R1 A B c
R2 A B
U
A B
R1
R2
R3 R3 Ac B
R4 Ac B c
R4
Two Basic Counting Rules
If A and B are finite sets,
1. n( A B) n( A) n( B) n( A B )
2. n( A B c ) n( A) n( A B)
See the preceding Venn diagram.
Quiz Set A
Write Null, Finite, or Infinite
1. {Months having more than 31 days}
2. {numbers divisible by 2}
3. {Men with eight legs}
4. {Positive integers less than 5}
5. {Weeks having 10 days}
6. {Set of male Grade 7 learners}
7. {Even numbers between 17 and 23}
8. {Set of even numbers, not divisible by 2}
9. Set of months with 30 days
10.A set of months in a year.
[Link] of counting numbers
[Link] of letters in the Alphabet
[Link] of female learners of Dorong-an Integrated
School
[Link] of vowels in the word Mathematics
[Link] of months with only 20 days