Logarithm
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the
index or power to which the base must be raised
to produce the number, i.e., to make it equal to the
given number
If ax = n, then, logan = x
2 4 = 16, ⇒ log2 16 = 4
2 3 = 8, ⇒ log2 8 = 3
Since a 0 = 1, logarithm of 1 to any base is zero.
i.e., loga 1 = 0
Since a 1 = a, logarithm of any number to the
same base is 1.
i.e., loga a = 1
Laws of Operation
I. logamn = logam + logan
II. loga(m/n) = logam – logan
III. logamn = nlogam
IV. logbm = logam/ logab
Natural Logarithm, when base is e
Common Logarithm, when base is 10
When no base is mentioned, it is supposed to be 10.
Prove that ,
x log y – log z
× y log z – log x × z log x – log y = 1
Let, u = x log y – log z
× y log z – log x × z log x – log y
⇒ log u = log (x log y – log z
× y log z – log x × z log x – log y )
⇒ log u = log (x log y – log z
) + log (y log z – log x) + log(z log x – log y)
⇒ log u = (log y – log z )log x + (log z – log x) log y + (log x - log y) log z
⇒ log u = 0 = log 1
⇒u= 1
⇒ x log y – log z
× y log z – log x × z log x – log y = 1
( Proved)
If log {(x + y)/7} = ½ (log x + log y),
show that (x/y) + (y/x) = 47
log {(x + y)/7} = ½ (log x + log y)
⇒ log{(x + y)/7} = ½ log xy
⇒ log{(x + y)/7} = log (xy)½
⇒ (x + y)/7 = (xy)½
⇒ (x + y)2 = 49 xy
⇒ x2 + y2 = 47 xy, Dividing by xy, we get
⇒ (x/y) + (y/x) = 47 (proved)
If log2{log3(log2x)} = 1, find x.
Using definition we get, log3(log2x) = 21
⇒ log2x = 32
⇒ x = 29
⇒ x = 512
Find the value of log2[log2{log3(log3273)}]
log2[log2{log3(log3273)}
= log2[log2{log3(log339)}
= log2{log2(log39)}
= log2{log2(log332)}
= log2(log22)
= log21
=0
Simplify: logab . logbc. logcd. Logda
Changing the base to a common base, e,
logeb . logec . loged . logea
logea logeb logec loged
=1
If a3 – x . b5x = ax + 5 . b3x, show that
X log(b/a) = loga
log(a3 – x . b5x)= log(ax + 5 . b3x)
⇒ (3 – x) loga + 5x log b = (x + 5) log a + 3x log b
⇒ 3 log a – xloga + 5x log b = xloga + 5log a + 3x logb
⇒ 2xlogb – 2xloga = 2 log a
⇒ x log b – xloga = loga
⇒ x (logb – loga) = loga
⇒ x log (b/a) = loga
If ax = by = cz = dw show that
Loga(bcd) = x( 1/w + 1/y + 1/z)
ax = by = cz = dw
Taking logarithm to the base a, we get
Loga(ax) = Loga(by) = Loga(cz) = Loga(dw) = x , since Loga(ax) =x
Loga(by) = y Logab = x ⇒ Logab = x/y
Loga(cz) = z Logac = x ⇒ Logac = x/z
Loga(dw) = w Logad = x ⇒ Logad = x/w
Now, L.H.S. = Loga(bcd) = Logab + Logac + Logad
= x/y + x/z + x/w
= x( 1/w + 1/y + 1/z)
Solve the following equation:
Logx3 +logx9 +logx729 = 9
⇒ Logx(3 x 9 x 729) = 9
⇒ Logx(39) = 9
⇒ x9 = 39
⇒x= 3
Prove that logax + loga2x2 + loga3x3 + … + log a
n
xn = logaxn
If a, b, c are three consecutive integers,
prove that log (1 + ac) = 2 log b
log(1+ac)
= log{1 + a (a + 2)}
=
log(1 + a2 +2a)
=
log(1 + a)2
=
log(b)2
=
2 log(b)
Antilogarithm
If x is the logarithm of a given number n,
with a given base, then n is called the anti
logarithm of x to that very base.
If logan = x , then n = antilog x.
Compound Interest
Let P denotes the principal,
r the rate of interest per annum,
n the period in years, and
A the anticipated amount in n years
The interest on P for the first year = P . r/100
The amount at the end of the year = P + P . r/100
= P (1 + r/100)
The interest on P (1 + r/100) for the 2nd year = P (1 + r/100) . r/100
The amount at the end of 2nd year =
P (1 + r/100) + P (1 + r/100) . r/100
= P (1 + r/100) (1 + r/100)
= P (1 + r/100)2
Thus, amount at the end of year n is P (1 + r/100)n
= P (1 + i)n , where i =
r/100
Depreciation
Amount at the end of year n = P (1 - i)n , where i = r/100
Assignment
Examples: 30 – 37