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Engine Parts and Their Functions

This document provides an introduction to spark ignition and compression ignition engines. It discusses key engine components and the working principles of two-stroke and four-stroke spark ignition engines. It also covers air standard cycles like Otto and Diesel cycles and assumptions made in the analysis. The document then discusses factors affecting the thermal efficiency of actual engines like variable specific heats, dissociation of combustion products, compression ratio, and fuel-air ratio. It analyzes how these factors can lower the indicated efficiency compared to the theoretical air standard efficiency.

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Himanshu
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10 views24 pages

Engine Parts and Their Functions

This document provides an introduction to spark ignition and compression ignition engines. It discusses key engine components and the working principles of two-stroke and four-stroke spark ignition engines. It also covers air standard cycles like Otto and Diesel cycles and assumptions made in the analysis. The document then discusses factors affecting the thermal efficiency of actual engines like variable specific heats, dissociation of combustion products, compression ratio, and fuel-air ratio. It analyzes how these factors can lower the indicated efficiency compared to the theoretical air standard efficiency.

Uploaded by

Himanshu
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Module 1

Introduction to SI & CI
Engine
Engine Components
Engine (Exploded View)
Construction Details of Four Stroke SI Engine
Working Principle of Four Stroke SI Engine
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
• First two stroke engine was
Developed by Dugald Clerk
between 1878 and 1881.
• Additional cylinder was used to
feed fresh mixture into the
cylinder.
• In 1891, modified form of Clerk’s
engine was invented by Joseph
Day.
• He used the space in the
crankcase below the piston as a
pumping chamber.
Working Principle of Two Stroke SI Engine
Working Principle of Two Stroke CI Engine
Air Standard Cycle
Assumptions
• Air is considered as a working fluid.
• Air is assumed to behave like an ideal gas.
• Specific heat capacities of air are assumed to be constant.

Air Standard cycles


• Otto Cycle
• Diesel Cycle
Otto Cycle
Isentropic Compression (12)

 
Constant Volume Heat Addition (23) Isentropic Expansion (3  4)
   

   

   

   

 
Constant Volume Heat Removal (4  1) Cycle thermal efficiency
 

   

   

Net cycle work

 
Diesel Cycle
Isentropic Compression (12)

 
Isentropic Expansion (3  4)
Constant Pressure Heat Addition (23)
   

   

 
Constant Volume Heat Removal (4  1)
 

 
Fuel-Air Cycles
• The actual indicated thermal efficiency of an SI engine, say with a compression ratio
of 8:1, is of the order of 28% whereas the air-standard efficiency is 56.5%.
• This large deviation may be attributed to progressive burning of the fuel, incomplete
combustion and valve operation etc.

The fuel-air cycle analysis considers the following:


• Working fluid is a mixture of air, fuel vapor and residual gases.
• Specific heats of the working fluid increase with temperature.
• Products of combustion are subjected to certain dissociation at high temperatures.
Assumptions
• No chemical change in either fuel or air prior to combustion.
• After combustion, the charge is always in chemical equilibrium.
• All processes are assumed to be adiabatic.
• The fuel is completely vaporized and perfectly mixed with the air.
• The burning takes place instantaneously at TDC.
Composition of cylinder gases
• The fuel-air ratio changes during the engine operation.
• This change in fuel-air ratio affects the composition of the gases before combustion as
well as after combustion particularly the percentage of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
water vapor etc. in the exhaust gases.
• In four-stroke engines, fresh charge as it enters the engine cylinder, meets the burnt gases
left in the clearance space of the previous cycle.
• The amount of exhaust gases in clearance space varies with speed and load on the
engine.
Effect of variable specific heats
If the variation of specific heats is
considered during the compression
stroke, the final temperature and
pressure would be lower than if
constant values of specific heat are
used.

For the process 1→2


with constant specific heats,

with variable specific heats,


Dissociation
• Disintegration of combustion products
at high temperature.
• Unlike combustion, the heat is
absorbed in dissociation.

Effect of dissociation on temperature


Effect of dissociation shown on a
Effect of dissociation on power p-V diagram
Effect of compression ratio

Effect of mixture strength on thermal


Effect of compression ratio and mixture efficiency for various compression ratios
strength on efficiency
Effect of fuel–air ratio

Variation of efficiency with mixture strength Effect of mixture strength on thermal


for a constant volume fuel-air cycle efficiency
References
• Internal combustion engines by Ganesan
• Hillier’s Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology (Book 1) by V.A.W. Hillier & Peter
Coombes
• 201 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
• [Link]
• [Link]

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