Microelectronics
Circuit Analysis and Design
Donald A. Neamen
Chapter 6
Basic BJT Amplifiers
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-1
McGraw-Hill
In this chapter, we will:
Understand the concept of an analog signal and
the principle of a linear amplifier.
Investigate how a transistor circuit can amplify a
small, time-varying input signal.
Discuss and compare the three basic transistor
amplifier configurations.
Analyze the common-emitter amplifier.
Understand the ac load line & determine the
maximum symmetrical swing of the output.
Analyze the emitter-follower amplifier.
Analyze the common-base amplifier.
Analyze multitransistor or multistage amplifiers.
circuit. Understand the concept of signal power
gain in an amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-2
McGraw-Hill
Common Emitter
with Time-Varying Input
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-3
McGraw-Hill
IB Versus VBE
Characteristic
vbe
iB I BQ (1 ) I B ib
VT
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-4
McGraw-Hill
ac Equivalent Circuit
for Common Emitter
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-5
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Hybrid Model for npn BJT
I CQ
gm
VT
VT
r
I CQ
g m r
Phasor signals are shown in parentheses.
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-6
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Using
Common-Emitter Current Gain
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-7
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit for
npn Common Emitter circuit
r
Av ( g m RC )( )
r RB
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-8
McGraw-Hill
Problem-Solving Technique:
BJT AC Analysis
1. Analyze circuit with only dc sources to find Q
point.
2. Replace each element in circuit with small-
signal model, including the hybrid model for
the transistor.
3. Analyze the small-signal equivalent circuit
after setting dc source components to zero.
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-9
McGraw-Hill
Transformation of Elements
Element DC Model AC Model
Resistor R R
Capacitor Open C
Inductor Short L
Diode +V, rf – rd = VT/ID
Independent Constant + VS - Short
Voltage Source
Independent Constant IS Open
Current Source
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-10
McGraw-Hill
Hybrid Model for npn with Early Effect
VA
ro
I CQ
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-11
McGraw-Hill
Hybrid p Model for pnp with Early Effect
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-12
McGraw-Hill
Expanded Hybrid Model for npn
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-13
McGraw-Hill
h-Parameter Model for npn
r
hie rb r r hre
r
h fe 1 1
hoe
r ro
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-14
McGraw-Hill
T-Model of an npn BJT
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-15
McGraw-Hill
4 Equivalent 2-port Networks
Voltage Amplifier
Current Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-16
McGraw-Hill
4 Equivalent 2-port Networks
Transconductance
Amplifier
Transresistance
Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-17
McGraw-Hill
Common Emitter with Voltage-Divider
Bias and a Coupling Capacitor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-18
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit –
Coupling Capacitor Assumed a Short
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-19
McGraw-Hill
npn Common Emitter
with Emitter Resistor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-20
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Common Emitter with RE
Rib r (1 ) RE
Ri R1 R 2 Rib
RC Ri
Av ( )
r (1 ) RE Ri RS
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-21
McGraw-Hill
RE and Emitter Bypass Capacitor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-22
McGraw-Hill
Current Source Biasing and
Nonlinear Load
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-23
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit with
Current Biasing and Nonlinear Load
Av g m (ro rc )
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-24
McGraw-Hill
dc AND ac Load Lines:
RE and Emitter Bypass Capacitor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-25
McGraw-Hill
Problem-Solving Technique:
Maximum Symmetrical Swing
1. Write dc load line equation that relates ICQ and
VCEQ.
2. Write ac load line equations that relates ic
and vce
3. In general, ic = ICQ – IC(min), where IC(min) is
zero or other minimum collector current.
4. In general, vce = VCEQ – VCE(min), where
VCE(min) is some specified minimum collector-
emitter voltage.
5. Combine above 4 equations to find optimum
ICQ and VCEQ.
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-26
McGraw-Hill
Common-Collector
or Emitter-Follower Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-27
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Emitter Follower
Rib r (1 )(ro RE )
Ri R1 R2 R ib
(1 )(ro RE ) Ri
Av ( )
r (1 )( ro RE ) Ri RS
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-28
McGraw-Hill
Output Resistance:
Emitter Follower
r
Ro RE ro
1
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-29
McGraw-Hill
Common-Base Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-30
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Common Base
Av g m ( RC RL )
RC r
Ai g m ( )[ RE ]
RC RL 1
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-31
McGraw-Hill
Input Resistance:
Common Base
Rie = r/(1+)
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-32
McGraw-Hill
Output Resistance:
Common Base
RO = R C
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-33
McGraw-Hill
Common Emitter Cascade Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-34
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Cascade Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-35
McGraw-Hill
Darlington Pair
Ai 1 2
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-36
McGraw-Hill
Cascode Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-37
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Cascode Amplifier
Av g m1 ( RC RL )
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-38
McGraw-Hill