EE8409

Electromagnetic Theory
Lecture 6
Dr. Shazzat Hossain
 Application: Microwave Oven
A microwave circuit consists of microwave components such as sources, transmission lines, waveguides,
attenuators, resonators, circulators, and filters. For analyzing a circuit, we need to relate the input and
output variables of each component. In microwave ovens, the voltage and current are not well-defined,
therefore, S-parameters are often used to analyze such circuits. The scattering or S-parameters are defined in
terms of wave variables, which are more easily measured at microwave frequencies than voltage and
current.
 Application: Microwave Oven

Consider the two-port network shown in the figure. The traveling waves are related to the scattering
parameters, in matrix form:

Where and represents the incident waves at ports 1 and 2, respectively; while and represents the
reflected waves, as shown in figure .
The voltage transmission coefficients, and will be same in either direction if the network is reciprocal,
i.e. .
If the network is symmetrical, then
 Application: Microwave Oven
The input reflection coefficient can be expressed in terms of the S-parameters and the load as

where

Similarly, the output reflection coefficient can be expressed in terms of the S-parameters and the
generator impedance as

where
Example 1
• The S-parameters of a microwave transistor operating at 2.5GHz:
Find the input and output reflection coefficients when and .
(Ans: and )
 Reflection of a Plane Wave at Oblique
Incidence
• We now consider a more general situation than that in the previous lecture where we discussed the normal
incidence of EM waves. In this section, we will discuss plane TEM incidence at an angle.
• Let us consider, a uniform plane wave equation is given by

and

Where is the radius or position vector and is the wave number vector or the propagation vector; is always in
the direction of wave propagation. According to dispersion relation:

As , and are mutually orthogonal, and and lie on a plane,

The oblique incidence of a uniform plane wave at a plane boundary as illustrate in Figure (on the 8th slide).
The plane defined by the propagation vector and a unit normal vector to the boundary is called the plane of
incidence. The angle between and is the angle of incidence.
 Plane Wave at Oblique Incidence
• The incident and the reflected waves in medium 1 and the transmitted wave in medium 2. Let

where , , and with their normal and tangential components are shown in Figure (see slide 8). Since the tangential
components of must be continuous across the boundary

This boundary condition can be satisfied by the waves for all and only if
(Frequency is unchanged)
;
(tangential component of propagation vectors be constant, i.e. phase matching condition)
This means that the propagation vectors , , and must all lie in the plane of incidence. Thus,

Where is the angle of reflection and is the angle of transmission. But for lossless media,
and
Plane Wave Oblique Incidence
 Plane Wave at Oblique Incidence
• It is evident that (the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence )
• Also,

• Where is the phase velocity. This expression is well-known Snell’s law, which can be written as

• Where and are the refractive indices of the media.

• Based on these general preliminaries on oblique incidence, we will now consider two special cases: one
with the field perpendicular to the plane of incidence, the other with the field parallel to it. Any other
polarization may be considered as a linear combination of these two cases.
 Oblique Incidence: Parallel Polarization
• Let us consider the field lies in the plane of incidence, the xz-plane. The figure illustrates the case of
parallel polarization. In medium 1, we have both incident and reflected fields given by

• WhereNotice carefully how we arrive at each field component. The trick in deriving the components is to
first get the propagation vector as shown in figure for incident, reflected, and transmitted waves. Once is
known, we define such that or and then is obtained from .
• The transmitted fields exist in medium 2 and are given by

• Where
Oblique Incidence: Parallel Polarization

Similarly,
 Oblique Incidence: Parallel Polarization
• Requiring that and that the tangential components of and be continuous at the boundary , we obtain

• Expression and in terms of , we obtain

And

Or

Therefore,

These equations are called Fresnel’s equations.

• Brewster angle or polarization angle : The incident angle at which no reflection takes place is called the
Brewster angle. In this case an arbitrary polarized incident wave will be reflected with only the component of
perpendicular to the plane of incidence that’s why it is also known as the polarization angle.
 Oblique Incidence: Parallel Polarization
• The Brewster angle is obtained by setting when , we get

• We know,
• Therefore,

;
• Gives

It is of practical value to consider the case when the dielectric media are not only lossless but nonmagnetic
as well—that is, which gives
 Oblique Incidence: Perpendicular Polarization
• When the field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence (the ) as shown in figure, we have perpendicular
polarization. This may also be viewed as the case in which field is parallel to the plane of incidence. The
incident and reflected waves in medium 1 are given by

While the transmitted fields in medium 2 are given by

Above field equations satisfy Maxell’s equations and hold the boundary conditions i.e. the tangential
components of the fields are continuous at . Setting , we get
Oblique Incidence: Perpendicular Polarization
 Oblique Incidence: Perpendicular Polarization
• Expressing and in term of leads to

And

Or

Which are the Fresnel's equations for perpendicular polarization.

We can write,

Which is similar to the normal incidence.

Also if we put the reflection and transmission coefficients reduce to the values as we obtained for normal
incidence.
 Oblique Incidence: Perpendicular Polarization
• For no reflection (or ). This is the same as the case of total transmission (=1). By replacing with the
corresponding , we obtain,
• or
• Which can be simplified to

Note that for non-magnetic medium , , so does not exist. No Brewster angle thus no total transmission
happens.
However, if and the above equation reduces to

Although this situation is theoretically possible, it rarely occurs in practice.

 Example:2
• An EM wave travels in free space with the electric field component given as

If the wave is incident on a dielectric medium having , and occupying . Determine

(a) and
(b) The magnetic field component
(c) The time average power in the wave
(d) The angle of incidence, reflection, and transmission
(e) The reflection and transmission coefficients
(f) The total field in free space
(g) The total field in the dielectric
(h) The Brewster angle
Solution:
• In general,
Where, and

(a)

(b) We know,
Solution
(c)

(d) A unit vector normal to the interface is . The plane containing and is , which is the , the plane of
incidence. Since is tangential to this plane, we have parallel polarization as shown in Figure.

An alternative approach for finding is

The angle of reflection,

Solution:
• Using Snell’s law

(e) Reflection coefficient:

Transmission coefficient:
 Solution:
• From the incident wave we have
cos sin ; ; ;

• For reflected wave

;;;
• The reflected wave (the z-component will be opposite)

• For transmitted wave

• ;
• The transmitted wave (the z-component will be same as incident but in medium 2)