Proof of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra in view

point of Topology

Name : Riju Hossain Ahamed

Roll no : 54

[Link] Debnath

[Link]’s college(Kolkata)
What is a Fundamental theorem of Algebra ?

A polynomial equation + +. . . . . . .+x+ =0 of degree n0 with

real or complex coefficients has at least one (real or complex )
root.
 Approach
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra can prove as a
corollary of our computation of fundamental
Group of Circle .
PRELIMINARY
THINGS
 What is homotopic and path homotopic ?
Homotopic: : let f , g:X Y are continuous map . we say that f is homotopic to g if there is a continuous map F:XY such

that

and


If g is constant map then we say that f is nulhomotopic .

Path homotopic :Two paths f , g :[0,1]Y are said to be path homotopic if they have the same initial point and the same

final point and if there is a continuous map F:[0,1]Y such that and and


The relation (homotopic) and (path homotopic) are equivalence relations .
what is product operation ()?

Product operation: let f :[0,1] → X be a path from to and

g :[0,1] → X be a path from to .Then the product f g :[0,1]

→ X of f and g is a path from to .

 is called the product operation .

What is a loop ?
Loop: Let X be a space and X.A path in X that begins and ends at is called a loop

base at .
 What is Fundamental Group ?

Fundamental Group: Let X be a space and and X. The set of path

homotopy classes of loops based at (The set Say G ={[f]: f is a loop
in X based at ) With the operation is called fundamental group of
relative to the base point

 It is denoted by (X, ).
What is Induced homomorphism ?
Induced homomorphism: let h :(X,)(Y,) be a continuous map and
f is a loop in X based at .
Define ([ f ]) = [hf] .
Then hf is a loop in Y base at is called the homomorphism
induced by h .
What is Covering Space and Covering map ?

Evenly Covered : Let p : E B be a continuous surjective map. The open set U of B is said to
be evenly covered by p if such that and each is open in E.

Covering map and Covering Space : let be continuous and Surjective .If every point of
has a neighborhood that is evenly covered by , then p is called Covering map and is said to
be a covering space of the base space .
 What is lifting of a map ?
Lifting of a map: let p :EB be a map . If f :X B be a continuous map then a
lifting of f is a map : X E such that p = f .

 Fundamental group of circle ,) ( , +) .

What is lifting Correspondence map ?
Lifting Correspondence map: let p :EB be a covering map. For B choose E so that p()
= .

Let [f] (B,) .Then f : [0,1] B be loop in B base at .

Therefore : [0,1] lifting of path f on beginning at .

Let ([f]) = (1) i.e ([f]) denote the end point (1) of the path .

Then : (B,) ()is well defined set map .We call the lifting correspondence derived from the
covering map p .
what is Retraction ?
Retraction: If A X , a retraction of X onto A is a continuous map r : X A such that r |A is the
identity map of A . If such a map r exists, we say that A is a retract of X.

Important result :

[Link] A is a retract of X then homomorphism induced by j:A X Is injective.

[Link] h : X be Continuous map. Then the following are equivalent:

(i) h is nulhomotopic.

(ii) h extends to continuous map k: X .

(iii) is the trivial homomorphism of fundamental groups .

 Proof of Fundamental theorem of Algebra ?
Step1: Let the map f : define f (z) = Show is injective.

Let : [0,1] be the standard loop in , (s) = = (cos2s ,sin2s).

Image of loop under is the loop f((s) ) = (cos2ns ,sin2ns) .

The loop flifts to the path [0,1] , (s)=2s with lifting correspondence map : (,) ().

Let [],[] (,) such that [][] .

Using f(x)=gg…. gg(x) and [g])= n ([g]) where [g] (,) it can be shown that ([) ([]).

Hence (homomorphism induced by f ) is injective .

Step2 : let g : is the map g(z) = . Show g is not a nulhomotopic .

Now g = j f where j :is a inclusion map .Then = .

Therefore is injective since is injective (by step1) and is injective since

is a retract of . Hence is not a nulhomotopic .

Step3: Show that if the equation + +. . . . . . .+x+ = 0 satisfy the condition +…….+ + 1 ,the equation has a root in .

Assume the equation have no such root in .

Then we can define a map k : by the equation

k(z) = + +. . . . . . .+z+ .
Let h = k i.e h: define by h (z) = + +. . . . . . .+z+ since h can be extended to a map of to ,h is nulhomotopic .

Let F :by the equation

F(z, t) = + +. . . . . . .+z+.

Then F is homotopy between h and g .

Since h is nulhomotopic and h and g are homotopic ,so g be nulhomotopic.

It is a contradiction since g is a not nulhomotopic .

Hence the equation has a root in .

Step4: given a polynomial equation + +. . . . . . .+x+ = 0 .

Let us choose a real number c 0 and substitute x = cy .we obtain the equation + +. . . . . . .+

y+ = 0

if this equ has the root y = ,then the original equation has the root = c

so we need merely choose c large enough that

+ + ……... + + 1

Hence by step1 the equation + +. . . . . . .+x+ = 0 has a root in .

 THE END

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