PLANT CROPS

Prepare land for planting

Conduct field lay-out
Dig holes
Perform direct seeding
Transplant seedlings
 SOIL ANALYSIS
To know the pH level of soil and provide right kind and
amount of fertilizers, ideally, soil must undergo soil analysis
every cropping.
 WHAT COMES NEXT AFTER SOIL SAMPLES ARE
COLLECTED?

AIR DRY PULVERIZE SIEVE MIX WEIGH PACKAGE LABEL

BENEFITS OF PREPARING LAND PROPERLY

IT IT IT IT IT
CONTROLS LEVELS IMPROVES CONTROLS PROMOTES
WEEDS. LAND AERATION CYCLE OF CONSERVATION
OF SOIL. PESTS. TILLAGE.
Before preparing
a seedbed which
tools will you
pick?
 PROCEDURE IN PREPARING LAND

STEP 1: LAND CLEARING

STEP 2:
DIGGING AND PULVERIZING AT LEAST 2-3 TIMES
STEP 3 :
APPLYING BASAL
FERTILIZER EITHER
THROUGH
FURROW OR HOLE
Types of land preparation
1. WETLAND/LOWLAND PREPARATION
2. DRYLAND/UPLAND PREPARATION
Benefits derived from Land Preparation
¡ Weed control
¡ Increase in soil porosity and aeration
¡ Mixing of soil --- bring up leached deposit
¡ Give soil fine tilth to increase adsorption
of nutrients
¡ Fertilizers incorporated in the soil
l Germination, seedling emergence and
stand establishment improved
LAND PREPARATION BASED ON CROP
REQUIREMENT
1. VEGETABLES
a. Amorgoso/bitter gourd – For rice based areas, two
plowing and harrowing are needed.
b. Cabbage- Land preparation is crucial during wet
season. Plow the area when the soil is just moist and
friable. For upland and sloppy areas, set furrows at a row
distance of 0.75 m. In lowland areas, raise the beds to
0.30 m. The area should have good drainage.
c. Eggplant – Plow the field once and harrow twice.
Furrow the field at a row spacing of 100 cm.
d. Onion (bulb type)- Land preparation method:
· Conventional land preparation-
cut the rice stubbles and use them
as mulch. Plow the field once and
harrow twice to obtain good tilth.
Cover the prepared land with mulch
a week before transplanting.
Construct desired trenches along
the perimeter and at the center of
the paddy.
· Zero tillage- Cut the rice
stubbles a week before
transplanting and immediately
mulch the area. Construct
desired trenches along the
perimeter and at the center of
the paddy.
· Plot method- This is similar
to conventional land
preparation. However,
narrow plots are formed
enough to plants 10 rows of
onion per plot.
[Link] (cluster types)- land
preparation method
f. Pepper- Plow the field once and harrow
twice. Construct the furrows at row spacing
of 75 cm.
g. Squash- Plow and harrow the field
alternately 2-3 times. Furrow the field at a
row spacing of 2 m. Prepare hills spaced at 1
m apart. Incorporate organic fertilizer and
complete fertilizer thoroughly with the soil at
.
1 Legumes
a. Cowpea- Prepare the field thoroughly by plowing
and harrowing until the desired quality tilth is
attained. Construct the furrows at row spacing of
75 cm.
b. Pole sitao- Plow and harrow the field alternately,
usually two or three times depending on the type of
soil. To produce more and good quality pods,
provide mechanical support or trellis for climbing
vines. Place wood or bamboo poles or stake with a
height of 2 m spaced at 50 cm apart along the
furrows before seeding. The vertical single support
c. Mungbean- Prepare the area for planting
using any of the following methods:
· Conventional- Plow and harrow the field
until the required quality tilth is attained.
Set furrows at 50 cm apart.
· Minimum tillage- Construct furrows at 50
cm apart in rice paddies.
· Zero tillage- Cut the rice stubbles. Mulch the
area by spreading the cut rice stubbles and
rice straw at least 5 cm thick.
d. Soybean- When using carabao-drawn
plow, two or three plowings are done
depending on soil type and moisture content.
Heavy soil usually requires more plowings
than the light textured soils. One plowing of
any soil type may be emough when using a
tractor. Two or more harrowings may be
needed to pulverize the field using carabao-
drawn harrow. However, two harrowings may
 Cereal
a. Corn- Requires adequateland
preparation to obtain good soil tilth.
The number of plowings and
harrowing will depend on the texture
and previous vegetation in the area
as well as severity of weed
infestation.
Root crops
a. Sweet potato- Clear the area from
“talahib or tambo” by burning. Deep
plow once and manually remove existing
roots of “talahib or tambo”. Harrow until
good soil tilth is obtained. Usually it
would require 4-5 passings of tractor to
obtain a clean site for sweet potato
production. Areas which are previously
grown to other crops require a maximum
b. Gabi/taro- Plow the area by
means of a tractor or a carabao-
drawn farm implement. Level
the area after puddling to allow
even distributor of water
r.
Fruits Crops
a. Cucumber- Rice-based areas with
sandy loam soil require alternate plowing
and harrowing. For clay loam soil,
plowing once and 2-3 harrowings are
needed depending on the available
moisture content. At furrowing, set plots
100 cm wide and 30 cm high with length
depending on the choice of the farmer.
b. Muskmelon- Plow the field
lengthwise at a depth of 20 cm and
then harrow. Plow and harrow
crosswise, 4-5 days later. If available,
place 3-5 cm thick rice hull in the
area and burn before first plowing.
Furrow the field at 2 m apart. Prepare
hills spaced at 50 cm apart and
incorporate organic fertilizer
c. Watermelon- Prepare holes with a distance of 1.5
m between rows and 1 m between hills. A hectare
needs 6,700 holes. Dig holes with a diameter of 20-
30 cm and 15 cm deep. Apply 1 tbsp of complete
fertilizer per hill, then fill in the holes with compost.
Plant three seeds equidistantly using line method at
the center of the hole at a depth of 2-3 cm, then
cover the seeds with fine soil. After planting, water
the seeds with approximately 2-3 liters per hole.
Repeat watering every other day until the seeds
germinate. Thin out weak seedlings and leave only
two vigorous seedlings per hole at seven days after
6. Plantation Crop
a. Mulberry
· Irrigated farm- Plow and harrow the area
alternately for two times. Construct ridges by
furrowing. Set furrows to at least 15 cm deep,
with a distance of 1 m between each furrow.
· Non- irrigated farm- For gently sloping area,
dig holes 15 cm deep at a distance of 50 cm x
50 cm x 150 cm. Fill the holes with mixture of
garden soil and farm yard manure at a ratio of
1:1. Follow contour farming in constructing the
 Fiber/Oil Crops
a. Sesame (linga)- Plow and harrow the
field alternately to obtain good soil tilth.
Set furrows at a distance of 75 cm.
b. Sunflower- Burn the residues to kill
diseases/organism prior to plowing. Plow the
field once. Let the area stand for 2-3 days to
allow drying of weeds. Harrow twice to obtain
good tilth and in case there is prevalence of
fungal diseases in the previous cropping
 STEPS IN INTERPRETING
FIELD LAY OUT PLAN

Step 1. Look on the

recommendation
Step 2. Compute the number of
plants
Step 3. Sketch
 Compute the1 number of
STEP

Look on the plants

recommendation For instance,the
recommended planting
Size of land &
system is square system,
appropriate planting use the formula
system such as Np=A
square, rectangular, S²
quincunx, hexagonal Recommended planting
or contour system is 2m x 2m (square
system) and the land area is
How to compute an area? 100 square meter(10W and
Area=Length x width 10L)
Ex. Length = 10 meters Np=100
Width = 10 meters 2²
Np=100
Area = 10 m x 10 m
Area= 100m² 4
Np=25 plants
 PLANTING SYSTEM
1. SQUARE SYSTEM

In this type of system, planting consists of setting a

tree in each corner of a square, whatever the distance
may be. This is the most common planting system
used.
2. QUINCUNX OR DIAGONAL SYSTEM

This system uses a square or rectangular arrangement

with a tree at the center. This is particularly desirable
when alternate rows are planted to different varieties.
3. HEXAGONAL OR TRIANGULAR SYSTEM

All trees are equidistant with one another

from every direction. This arrangement
results in greater number of trees per unit
area in the square system.
4. CONTOUR-TERRACE SYSTEM

This type of system in planting is largely

applied in the hillsides. Its main purpose is
Basal application of fertilizer is done right after land preparation
or before planting. Main reason for applying basal fertilizer is to
give initial nutrients needed by plants. Basal fertilizer can be the
use of organic or inorganic fertilizer or both.
The two types of fertilizers

1. Organic Generally the term

“organic fertilizer” is used to refer to
fertilizer that has gone through minimal
processing, where nutrients are still
found in their natural forms.
2. Inorganic Fertilizers are “water
soluble”. They are minerals in
concentrated form that are readily
In soil analysis the fertilizer recommendation is expressed
in kilograms N, kilograms P2O5 and kilograms K2O per
hectare, respectively. In technical publications, this is
written as, 90-60-30 NPK.

To calculate the weight of fertilizer, divide the

recommended rate by the nutrient content of the fertilizer
material (from the grade or analysis) multiplied by
[Link]:
Recommended rate x100
Weight of fertilizer material =
% nutrient of fert. material
 Recommended rate - ex. 90-60-60 NPK
% of fertilizer material - ex. 46-0-0
0-20-0
0-0-60
14-14-14
Sample 1:
a. Recommended rate: 90-60-30 NPK/ha

Available Fertilizer Materials:

a. Urea (46-0-0)
b. Ordinary Superphosphate (0-20-0)
c. Muriate of Potash (0-0-60)
General Formula:

Weight of Fertilizer Material =Weight of nutrient x100

% of fertizer
Step 1. Step 2. Step 3.
Weight of Urea Weight of OSP Weight of MP
= 90 x 100 = 60 x 100 = 30 x 100
46 20 60
= 195.65 kg = 300 kg = 50 kg

Sample 2:
a. Recommended rate: 80-30-30 NPK/ha General Formula:
Weight of Fertilizer Material
Available Fertilizer Materials: = weight of nutrient x 100
a. Urea (46-0-0) % of fertilizer
b. complete fertilizer (14-14-14)
Step 1. Step 2.
Weight of CF Weight of Urea
= 30x100 =50x100
14 46
=3000 =5000
14 46
= 214. 29 kg = 108.70 kg.
Sample 3:
a. Recommended rate: 80-60-30 NPK/ha

Available Fertilizer Materials:

a. Urea (46-0-0)
b. Ordinary Superphosphate (14-14-14)
c. Super phosphate (0-20-0)
General Formula:
Weight of nutrient
Weight of Fertilizer Material = x 100
% of fertizer
STEP 1. STEP 2. STEP 3.
Weight of CF Weight of Urea Weight of superphate
= 30 x 100 = 50 x 100 = 30 x 100
14 46 20
= 3000 = 108.7 kg. = 3000
14 20
= 150 kg
=
214.29kg.
 PLANTING PLANTING
CROP DISTNCE CROP DISTNCE
(meters) (meters)
Avocado 8.0 Pineapple 0.3
Banana 3.0 Castor 0.5
Cashew 8.0 Coconut 8.0
Chico 8.0 African Oil Palm 8.0
Citrus 7.0 Coffee 3.0
Durian 10.0 Cocoa 3.0
Guava 6.0 Black Pepper 2.5
Jackfruit 8.0 Rubber 7.0
Lanzones 6.0 Abaca 2.0
Mango 10.0 Lumbang 10.0
Mangosteen 8.0 Rambutan 8.0
Papaya 4.0
Broadcasting or sabog tanim, or
scatter planting, is the method of
planting that commonly applies to small
seeds, like rice and mungbean, that are
capable of germination and sustained
growth without soil cover. There is no
control of plant-to-plant spacing. The
seeds are simply distributed on a well
prepared ground by hand or with a
Dibbling is an old method of planting crops
practiced by subsistence farmers in hilly
lands. Slashing and burning are done during
summer when the grasses are dry, and corn
is planted at the start of the rainy season.
With a dibbler, locally called “panghasok” and
"tagad",(a pointed, spear-like stem) held by
one hand, he strikes the ground to make
holes about 2 inches ( 5 cm) deep and 1-2
steps apart. As the pointed tip of the dibbler
is lifted, someone else immediately drops 3-4
RIDGE Planting. This involves planting the
seedlings at specified depth on top of a ridge. This
is usually practice if the area is water clogged most
time of the year. This prevents rotting of the roots
and stem.
LIST Planting. This involves planting the seedlings at
specified depth at the bottom of the furrow. The
surrounding area near the plants helps preserve water or
moisture around the root system.
HILL Planting. This simply putting the plants at
equidistant points along the row.
DRILL Planting. This is planting seedlings by drilling holes
METHODS OF SOWING SEEDS
A. SEED BOX
Seeds are sown in tray compartment based on
recommended seeding rate of one seed per
component.
B. DIRECT SOWING
The vast majority of vegetables are grown by sowing
the seed directly into the soil where they are to [Link]
do this you make a shallow trench (called a drill) with a
bamboo cane, hand trowel or corner of a Dutch hoe.
The seed is sown directly into the drill and covered with
soil that is lightly firmed down. Always sow evenly and
thinly to avoid excessive thinning out of the crop
C. SEED BED
Young plants are then transferred to their final
growing position once they have developed a few
true leaves and are large enough to handle. These
must be carefully lifted with a hand fork, firmly
replanted and then thoroughly watered in.
D. PROTECTED OUTDOOR SOWING
Most seeds won't germinate below a soil temperature of about
7°C (45°F), so early sowings must be delayed until the soil has at
least reached this [Link] way to speed this up is to
warm the soil by putting cloches, clear plastic sheeting or even
bottomless plastic bottles over the soil a few weeks before sowing
or planting out. The protection should be kept in place over the
seeds and plants for a few weeks or until the weather warms up
E. INDOOR SOWING
To provide plants for earlier crops or for tender
crops that can't tolerate early spring temperatures,
seed is sown indoors with heat - preferably in a
thermostatically-controlled propagator - although
germinating on a warm windowsill or in a warm
conservatory are other possibilities. Once the
seeds have germinated the seedlings will need to
be kept at a cooler temperature, but a cold
greenhouse will normally be too cold - especially at
night - for the seedlings to grow on without a
check to their growth.
Table1. Schedule of transplanting for Common Crops and
Appropriate Depth of Sowing
CROPS Sowing Planting Month Depth of Days from Age of
Month sowing sowing to Transpla
Wet Dry Wet Dry (cm) germinatio nting
n (weeks)

Viny Squash - - Any Any 2.5 4-7 -

month month
Upo - - Any Any 3 5-7 -
month month
Watermelon - - - Sept- 2.5 4-6 -
Feb
Graminae
Sweet Corn - - May – Sept – 2.5 4-5 -
June Nov
Legumiunaceae
Garden pea - - Nov-Dec 2.5 3-5 -

Bush lima bean - - - Nov-April 2.5 3-5 -

Pole lima bean - - Any Any month 2.5 3-5 -

month
Bush navy bean - - - Nov-April 2.5 3-5 -

Bush sitao - - - Nov-April 2.5 3-5 -

Pole sitao - - Any Any month 2.5 3-5 -

Month
Bush snap bean - - - Nov-Jan 2.5 3-5 -
Pole snap bean - - Any Any month 2.5 3-5 -
month
Malvaceae
Okra April-June Sept-Jan 2.5 4-6 -

Umbelliferae
Carrot - - - Spet-Jan 1 6-10 -
Solanaceae
Eggplant Any Any Any Any month 1 7-10 4-6
month month month
Irish potato - - - Sept-Jan Until covered 10-14 -

Sweet pepper - July-Nov - Sept-Jan 1 8-12 4-6

Tomato April- Aug-Feb May-June Sept-Mar 1 5-7 4-6

May
 MONTH CROPS

All year round Ampalaya, corn, talinum, camote, munggo

January Bean, beet, carrot, cauliflower, eggplant, lettuce, sitaookra,
chayote, squash, tomato, upo, radish, patola, cabbage,
mustard
February Bean, cauliflower, lettuce, patola, pechay, squash, tomato,
mustard, cucumber, sitao, radish
March Bean, soybean, lettuce, cabbage, tugui
April Batao,, cucumber, pechay, kadios, mustard, squash, okra,
patola, radish, sitao, eggplant, lettuce
May Batao, carrot, chayote, cassava, cucumber, gabi, eggplant,
kadios,mustard, lettuce, okra, patola, patani, pechay, tomato,
bean
June Cassava, cucumber, eggplant, gabi, kadios, mustard, okra,
patani, patola, pepper, radish, tomato, soybean, squash, ubi,
sitao
July Cucumber, kadios, radish, gabi, patani, soybeans
August Egplant, soybean, patani, radish
September Beet, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, eggplant, gabi,
mustard, okra, onion, garlic, patola, sitao, pepper, squash

October Batao, bean, beet, upo, carrot, chayote,cabbage, eggplant,

patola, cucumber, tomato, pechay, tugui
November Beet, cabbage, cauliflower, chayote, sitao, soybeans, tugui,
squash, upo, tomato
December Beet, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, eggplant, gabi, mustard,
Table shows the specific age of transplanting seedlings
of selected crops.
CROPS NO. OF WEEKS TO TRANSPLANT AFTER
SOWING
Bulb onion 6–7
Lettuce 3–4
Broccoli 4–5
Cabbage 4–5
Cauliflower 4 –5
Pechay 8 – 12 days
Mustard 8 –12 days
Radish 4–5
Eggplant 4-6
Distance of Planting and Plant Population per Hectare
Time of Planting
 CROPS Sowing Planting Month Depth Days from Age of
Month of sowing to Transpla
sowin germinati nting
g (cm) on (weeks)
Wet Dry Wet Dry
Viny Squash - - Any Any 2.5 4-7 -
month month
Upo - - Any Any 3 5-7 -
month month
Watermelon - - - Sept-Feb 2.5 4-6 -
Graminae
Sweet Corn - - May – Sept – Nov 2.5 4-5 -
June
Legumiunaceae
Cowpea - - Any Any 2.5 4-5 -
month month
Garden pea - - Nov-Dec 2.5 3-5 -
Bush lima bean - - - Nov-April 2.5 3-5 -
Pole lima - - Any Any 2.5 3-5 -
bean month month
Bush navy - - - Nov- 2.5 3-5 -
bean April
Bush sitao - - - Nov- 2.5 3-5 -
April
Pole sitao - - Any Any 2.5 3-5 -
Month month

Bush snap - - - Nov- 2.5 3-5 -

bean Jan
Pole snap - - Any Any 2.5 3-5 -
Malvaceae
Okra April- Sept-Jan 2.5 4-6 -
June
Umbelliferae
Carrot - - - Spet-Jan 1 6-10 -
Solanaceae
Eggplant Any Any Any Any month 1 7-10 4-6
month month month
Irish potato - - - Sept-Jan Until 10-14 -
covere
d
Sweet pepper - July-Nov - Sept-Jan 1 8-12 4-6

Tomato April- Aug-Feb May- Sept-Mar 1 5-7 4-6

May June
Steps in Transplanting Fruit-bearing Seedlings

[Link] the seedlings a day before transplanting.

[Link] a hole big enough to receive the root system without bending it into the
space.

[Link] one seedling per hill.

[Link] the roots properly using organic fertilizer.

[Link] the soil after planting to have better contacts of the roots with the soil.

6. Use the top soil to cover the surface of the base.

[Link] the transplanted seedlings.

[Link] necessary, provide the seedlings a temporary shade depending on crop

END OF
SLIDE