Thermodynamics:
An Engineering Approach
9th Edition in SI Units
7.13
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A.
Boles, Mehmet Kanoglu
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Chapter 7
ENTROPY
McGraw-Hill | 2
Objectives
• Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.
• Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-law
effects.
• Establish the increase of entropy principle.
• Calculate the entropy changes that take place during processes for
pure substances, incompressible substances, and ideal gases.
• Examine a special class of idealized processes, called isentropic
processes, and develop the property relations for these processes.
• Derive the reversible steady-flow work relations.
• Develop the isentropic efficiencies for various steady-flow devices.
• Introduce and apply the entropy balance to various systems.
3
ENTROPY BALANCE
Entropy balance: The entropy change of a system
during a process is equal to the net entropy transfer
through the system boundary and the entropy
generated within the system.
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5
Entropy Change of a System, ∆Ssystem
When the properties of the
system are not uniform
6
Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout
1 Heat Transfer
Entropy transfer by heat transfer:
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Entropy transfer
by work
8
2 Mass Flow
When the properties of the mass change during the process
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Entropy Generation, Sgen
Mechanisms of
entropy transfer for a
general system. 10
The total entropy generated during
a process can be determined by
applying the entropy balance to an
extended system that includes the
system itself and its immediate
surroundings where external
irreversibilities might be occurring .
The entropy change in this case is
equal to the sum of the entropy
change of the system and the
entropy change of the immediate
surroundings.
11
Closed Systems
The entropy change of a closed system during a process is
equal to the sum of the net entropy transferred through the
system boundary by heat transfer and the entropy generated
within the system boundaries.
12
Control
Volumes
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EXAMPLES
Entropy balance for heat
transfer through a wall
16
Entropy balance for a throttling process
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Entropy Generated when a Hot Block is Dropped in a Lake
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Entropy Generation
in a Heat Exchanger
19
Entropy Generation Associated
with Heat Transfer
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Entropy generation associated with a
heat transfer process
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Summary
Entropy
The Increase of entropy principle
Entropy change of pure substances
Isentropic processes
Property diagrams involving entropy
What is entropy?
The T ds relations
Entropy change of liquids and solids
The entropy change of ideal gases
Reversible steady-flow work
Minimizing the compressor work
Isentropic efficiencies of steady-flow devices
Entropy balance
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