Learning

The Periodic Table of Elements

 What are Atoms?
◦ Atoms are the simplest and smallest particle composed
of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
◦ The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is
equal to its atomic number.
◦ Normally, the number of protons equals the number of
electrons.

The Atom’s Family

Protons, Neutrons and
Electrons
◦ A proton is a positively charged particle inside the nucleus.
◦ A neutron is a neutral particle also inside the nucleus.
◦ An electron is a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus.
What is the Periodic Table of
Elements?
◦ Elements are substances that cannot be broken down any further by chemical
means. There are over 100!
◦ The Periodic Table is the arrangement of these elements by increasing atomic
number and similar properties.
Elements
◦ Each element on the Periodic Table has an atomic
number, symbol, name and average atomic mass.
◦ Atomic number – the number of protons found in
the nucleus of an atom.
◦ Average atomic mass – the mass of an atom
including the protons, neutrons and electrons.
 How is it Arranged?
◦ The elements are put into rows by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER.
◦ The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled 1 to 7.
◦ The vertical rows are called groups and are labeled 1 to 18

The red lines show the different periods and the green lines show the groups.
Three States of Matter
Substances are made up of particles.
The state of the substance depends on the arrangement of the particles.

The Three States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

 Particles held tightly  Particles held weakly  No attraction between

 Very close together  Very close together particles
 Regular arrangement  Random arrangement  Far apart
 Vibrate  Vibrate  Random arrangement
 Can’t move from place  Constantly move past  Vibrate
each other  Move quickly in all
to place
directions
Grouped Elements Have Similarities

◦ Elements in the same group have similar

properties. Remember, groups are columns.
◦ Chemical Property - a property used to characterize
materials in reactions that change their identity. Ex:
burning something.
◦ Physical Property - a characteristic of a substance
that can be observed without changing the
substance into something else. Ex: measuring
something’s length, color, mass or volume.
 Metals, Nonmetals and
Metalloids
◦ The major categories of elements are the metals, non-
metals, and metalloids.
◦ Metals are lustrous, malleable, shiny, hard, Magnetic,
most solid at room temperature and are good
conductors of heat and electricity.
◦ Non-metals are elements that do not share the
properties of metals, Dull, Brittle, Gas at room
temperature, low boiling point.
◦ Metalloids are elements that share some, but not all the
properties of metals.
Metals - Lustrous, Malleable, and
Good Conductors?
These are physical properties of metals
◦ Lustrous means shiny or reflective of light.
◦ Coins and jewelry are shiny and reflective .
◦ Malleable means capable of being shaped.
◦ Aluminum foil is shaped or molded around food items to keep
them fresh.
◦ Being a Good Conductor means being able to allow electricity and heat to flow through.
− When you think about the wires we use for
electrical devices, they are mostly made of
copper and other metals.
 Properties of Metals

◦ Metals are good conductors of

heat and electricity.
◦ Metals are shiny.
◦ Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
◦ Metals are malleable (can be
pounded into thin sheets).
◦ A chemical property of metal is
its reaction with water which
results in corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals

◦ Non-metals are poor

conductors of heat and
electricity.
◦ Non-metals are not ductile
or malleable.
◦ Solid non-metals are brittle
and break easily.
◦ They are dull.
◦ Many non-metals are
gases.

Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids

◦ Metalloids (metal-like) have

properties of both metals and
non-metals.
◦ They are solids that can be
shiny or dull.
◦ They conduct heat and
electricity better than non-
metals but not as well as
metals.
◦ They are ductile and
malleable.
Silicon
 Families Periods
◦ Columns of elements are called ◦ Each horizontal row of
groups or families. elements is called a period.
◦ Elements in each family have
similar but not identical
◦ The elements in a period are
properties. not alike in properties.
◦ For example, lithium (Li), sodium ◦ In fact, the properties change
(Na), potassium (K), and other greatly across even given row.
members of family IA are all soft, ◦ The first element in a period is
white, shiny metals. always an extremely active
◦ All elements in a family have the solid. The last element in a
same number of valence period, is always an inactive
electrons. gas.
Hydrogen

◦ The hydrogen square sits atop Family AI, but

it is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is
in a class of its own.
◦ It’s a gas at room temperature.
◦ It has one proton and one electron in its one
and only energy level.
◦ Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its
valence shell.
Alkali Metals
◦ Elements in Group 1 (not including Hydrogen).
◦ Very reactive metals. Always combine with something else in nature.
◦ As long as we go down group one, the atom gets bigger so electrostatic
force which is between protons (+ ve charge) and electrons in the
outermost shell decreases and so, the atom can lose electrons easier and
become more reactive.
◦ Electrostatic force: attraction force between protons inside the nucleus
and electrons in the outermost shell.
◦ Reactivity increase as you go down the group.
◦ Melting and boiling points are opposite to the reactivity so they decrease
down the group.
◦ Salt – an Alkali Metal,
Sodium, and another
element, Chlorine,
combined.
Any element in group 1, its outer most shell has 1 electron.
Alkaline Earth Metals
◦ Elements in Group 2.
◦ Reactive Metals that are always combined
with non-metals in nature.
◦ Several of these elements are important
mineral nutrients, like Calcium.
◦ Any element in group 2, its outer most shell
has 2 electrons.
What makes an element reactive?

An incomplete valence electron level.

All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in their very
outermost energy level (This is called the rule of octet.)
Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence electrons
lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain
electrons during bonding.

As we go down the group ( the atomic

number, mass number and neutron number
increases)
Transition Metals

◦ Elements in Groups 3-12.

◦ Less reactive, harder metals.
◦ Includes metals used in jewelry, money and construction.
The compounds of transition metals are
usually brightly colored and are often used to
color paints.
Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence
electrons, which they lose when they form
bonds with other atoms. Some transition
elements can lose electrons in their next-to-
outermost level.
Boron Family
◦ Elements in Group 13.
◦ Boron has properties of both metals and non-metals.
◦ The rest of the elements in this group are metals.
 Carbon Family
◦ Elements in Group 14.
◦ Contains elements important to life and computers.
◦ Carbon is the basic element in all organic compounds.
◦ Silicon and
Germanium are
important
semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
◦ Elements in Group 15.
◦ Nitrogen makes up more than ¾ of our atmosphere.
◦ The red tip of matches is made of phosphorous.
Oxygen Family
◦ Elements in Group 16.
◦ Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
◦ Many things that have a bad odor contain sulfur.
Halogens
◦ Elements in Group 17.
◦ Very reactive, diatomic non-metals.
◦ Always found combined with other
elements in nature.
◦ Chlorine is used to keep bacteria out of swimming pools.

◦ Any element in group 7, its outer most shell has 7 electrons.

 Halogen Family
◦ The elements in this family are
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine,
and astatine.
◦ Halogens have 7 valence electrons,
which explains why they are the most
active non-metals. They are never
found free in nature.
◦ Reactivity decrease down the group as
atom gets bigger and the electrostatic
decrease too, and melting & boiling
point increases and the color gets Halogen atoms only need to gain 1
darker.
electron to fill their outermost energy
◦ ( from pale yellow to the brown color) level.
They react with alkali metals to form salts.
Noble Gases
◦ Elements in Group 18.
◦ VERY reactive gases.
◦ Used in lighted neon signs.
◦ Helium is used to make party balloons float.
◦ Any element in group 8, its outer most shell has
8 electrons.
Noble Gases

◦ Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.

◦ One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are inactive
because their outermost energy level is full.
◦ Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds, the
noble gases are called inert.
◦ The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
◦ All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere.
Elements Used Everyday

Can you think of any elements you use every day?