USING OUTSIDE SOURCES
GENERAL vs. SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
What should be cited?
What should be cited?
Specific knowledge: The eight solar cars that
ITUSCT built were presented with 19 cups in
different competitions in addition to two
international awards between 2005 and 2016.
Exercise
Using Outside Sources
Three ways to make use of outside sources!
• Quotations
• Paraphrases + in-text citation
• Summarizing
CITATIONS
Begin with author’s LAST Adam Smith
NAME
Then add ‘a reporting Smith points out (that)
verb’ e.g. point
out/state/explain etc…
Follow by the borrowed Smith states that giving
information citations is very important
for composing good
essays.
FINISH with Smith states that giving
• The publication year, citations is very important
page/para number in for composing good essays
brackets (2009, p.23).
REFERENCE PHRASES
• Author SURNAME + a reporting verb + that
Ex: Robertson asserts/declares/emphasizes that .........
• It is + V3+ by author SURNAME that....
Ex: It is claimed by Robertson that....
• According to author SURNAME,........ Ex: According to Robertson,.....
• Based on + author SURNAME ‘s article,............ Ex: Based on Roberston’s
article,.................
• It is + V3+ in the article “..........” that.........
Ex: It is explained in the article "Censorship Within Democratic Societies”
that....
• As V3 in the article “........”, ..............
Ex: As discussed in the article “ The Human Dimension”,......
EXAMPLE SENTENCES
• It is expressed that even if people managed to decrease
the greenhouse gas emissions, the earth will be 3
degrees hotter in 200 years’ time (Greenpeace, 2011).
• Some enthusiasts argue that tourism contributes to
natural understanding of nations (United Nations, n.d).
• As stated in the Journal of the American Medical
Association, seven genes key to brain tumor survival
have been identified (1999).
Exercise: find the correct option
1. Stokes states that learning language is a long arduous process that requires
commitment on the part of the learner and the teacher. She goes on to add that in
order to truly master a language, speaking is necessary.
2. It is stated that learning language is a long arduous process that requires
commitment on the part of the learner and the teacher. She goes on to add that in
order to truly master a language, speaking is necessary (2004).
3. Learning language is a long arduous process that requires commitment on the part
of the learner and the teacher. She goes on to add that in order to truly master a
language, speaking is necessary (Stokes, p. 162, 2004).
4. Stokes states that learning language is a long arduous process that requires
commitment on the part of the learner and the teacher. She goes on to add that in
order to truly master a language, speaking is necessary (2004, p.162).
More on Citations…
1-There are other ways to introduce the author’s last name:
• According to Smith, giving citations is very important for
composing good essays (2009, p.23).
• Based on Murphy’s article published in The Cosmos, giving
citations is very important for composing good essays (2010, para
4).
2- When there is no individual author, use the name of an
organization, institution, or association:
• Greenpeace emphasizes that whales are an endangered species,
and they may become extinct in a very few years (2002).
• According to NATO, peacekeeping forces in foreign countries face
very tough challenges when they come up against serious
aggression (1999).
More on Citations…
3-When there is neither author nor organization
name, use the title of the work:
• a) book: As indicated in the book Leadership
Competency, leadership models can equip
leaders of organizations with the behaviors,
values and attitudes (2006).
• b) article: Based on the article “Beautiful
Minds”, the brain has the capacity of storing
information for more than a century (2008).
More on Citations…
4- When there is no date, use the abbreviation
n.d. ( no date) :
• Scott asserts the Enterprise, the most powerful
ship in the fleet, is made up of a variety of
different alloy materials (n.d.).
• It is stated in Feasibility of High Rise Buildings
that the main technological advancement that
made skyscrapers possible was the development
of mass iron and steel production (n.d.).
A valid citation for websites
• A new report from the United Nations Development
Program warns that if drastic measures are not taken
to prepare nations for the impacts of climate change,
the economic progress of developing countries could
stop or even be reversed by 2050 (Nuwer, 2011, para
1).
• Source: Nuwer, R. (2011, November 2). “Climate
Change Imperils Global Prosperity, U.N. Warns”. The
Journl of Ecology. Retrieved from
[Link]
ils-global-prosperity-u-n-warns/
Website with no author
Based on the official website of Greenpeace,
whales are an endangered species, and they
may become extinct in a very few years (2002).
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
“I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia,
the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave
owners will be able to sit down together at the table of
brotherhood” (1963).
Direct quotation in the text
Civil rights activist Martin Luther King delivered
a public speech and called for an end to racism
in the US with these words:
“I have a dream that one day on the red hills of
Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons
of former slave owners will be able to sit down
together at the table of brotherhood” (1963).
Direct quotation in the text
Direct quotation example
According to Ray, one negative effect of TV on
family relationships is “babysitter effect”, which
relates the TV addiction of children between 1
and 5 to the amount of time their mothers
spend in front of TV during their children’s
infancy. Ray underlines that 75% of mothers are
responsible for this (2014).
Your quotation must fit grammatically with
the rest of your sentence:
• Aid agencies have been known to take the
view that such communities consist of
"helpless victims with no capacity or
expertise for responding to their own needs"
(Leung, 1994).
• consist of + noun
Direct quotation example
During disasters, "charitable" advertising may
function to humiliate the supposed
beneficiaries and misrepresent them as passive
victims (Hancock, 1987).
Direct quotation example
• Menand (2002) characterizes language as "a
social weapon" (p. 115).
• Ross (1993), in her study of poor and working-
class mothers in London from 1870-1918
makes it clear that economic status to a large
extent determined the meaning of
motherhood. Among this population, "To
mother was to work for and organize
household subsistence"(p. 9).
Examples from articles
Examples from articles
Block quotations
Paraphrase Explanation
Source: Harry Sloan. 1998. «A flair for Language»
What is the secret of such amazing linguistic talents? Fazah doesn’t claim to
be special, though he says his memory is "like a photographic camera", and
he admits to a good deal of study. Anyone can speak a foreign language, he
thinks. You need to spend 30 minutes each day listening carefully to the
sounds of a native speaker, another 30 minutes studying the grammar and
then 15 minutes reciting the sounds - a very important step.
Paraphrase with citation: Sloan claims that a person has to allocate half an
hour for listening to a native speaker and another half an hour for studying
the grammar and 15 minutes for pronunciation (1998).
Paraphrases
• Paraphrasing involves putting a text from an outside
source into your own words. It is usually 1-3 sentences
and about the same size. The paraphrased info should
be accurate.
• You should give citations.
• Don’t change the meaning of the text and add or
remove any new ideas/ comments!
• Don’t replace a few words by synonyms. Instead
change the whole structure of the sentence, towards
simpler.
Paraphrase example
Original Paraphrase in Paper (APA)
To the extent that a woman's If a woman interprets the
self-image is challenged or media's representation of
threatened by an unattainable thinness as the ideal she
ideal of an impossibly thin must achieve, her sense of
female physique, she may well
self-esteem might be
become susceptible to
threatened and even
disruption of her self-regard,
damaged, making her more
and may be more likely to
develop an eating disorder. likely to exhibit disordered
eating patterns (Polivy &
Herman, 2004, p. 2).
Paraphrase example
Original: When a job requires contact with
customers, the management never takes a
blackhead (M. Geary & R. Graff, Racism in the
Workplace, 2005).
• It is argued that black people are not preferred
by the administration, if the position they apply
for needs face to face communication with
customers (Geary & Graff, 2005).
Paraphrase!
• “In the United States, about six out of ten students in graduate
schools are women. As a result, the Census Bureau expects that
more women than men will hold professions such as doctors,
lawyers and professors.” (Women Edge Past Men in Getting
Doctorates, 2010, Voice of America)
• It is claimed in the article “Women Edge Past Men” that women
make up 60 percent of graduate students in the US. This leads to an
expectation on the Census Bureau that the future positions, for
instance in the field of medicine, law and academia, will be
dominated by more women (2010).