LAW ENFORCEMENT

OPERATIONS AND
PLANNING
WITH
CRIME MAPPING
PREPARED BY: BRYAN [Link]
 Police Operations

defined as the job duties, responsibilities, and

activities that law enforcement agents
complete in the field.
 Categories of Police Operations

Public Safety Operation

includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills,
Earthquake Drills and similar operations that promote public safety.

Law Enforcement Operation

includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search
Warrant, Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the Chief, Philippine
National Police and Unit Commanders
 Internal Security Operation
includes Counter-Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist
Operations and similar operations that are conducted to ensure
internal security

Special Police Operation

includes Checkpoint Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil
Disturbance Management Operation, Police Assistance in the
Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and Similar Orders,
Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final Court Order and
Order from Quasi-Judicial Bodies
 Intelligence Operation
includes Surveillance Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence
Research, Intelligence Assessment and similar police intelligence
operation conducted to gather information related to security, public
safety and order
Investigation Operation
includes Investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative
Investigation and similar investigative work necessary to determine
facts and circumstances for filing of cases criminally or
administratively
Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)
includes the processing of crime scene, technical and forensic
examination of evidences and similar scientific investigative
assistance.
CONSTITUTIONAL AND
STATUTORY RIGHTS OF
PERSONS SUBJECT BY
POLICE/LAW ENFORCEMENT
OPERATIONS
 REPUBLIC ACT 7438

An Act Defining Certain Rights of Person

Arrested, Detained or Under Custodial
Investigation as Well as the Duties of the
Arresting, Detaining and Investigating Officers,
and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof.
 What is custodial investigation?
You are under custodial investigation if you are arrested and
taken into police custody and interrogated for a crime.

Custodial investigation also includes any questioning or

probe of a person “invited” by a law enforcement officer in
connection with an offense he or she is suspected to have
committed in accordance with Republic Act No. 7438
 ARREST VS CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION

SOURCE: Section 1, Rule 113 of the Rules on Criminal

Procedure
It is the taking of a person into the custody of the law in order
for him to be bound for the commission of an offense
HOW MADE:
By an actual restraint of a person to be arrested; or
By his submission to the custody of the person making the
arrest.
The following are rights of a person under custodial
investigation, except.

a. To be informed of his right to remain silent

b. The right to face the witness face to face
c. Rights against torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation
or any other means which vitiates freewill
d. To have competent and independent counsel preferably of
his own choice
Duties of Public Officers

1. Be informed, in a language known to and

understood by him, of his rights to remain silent
and to have competent and independent counsel

2. Be assisted by counsel at all times Preferably of

his own choice
Duties of Public Officers
3. Be visited by or have conferences with:
• Any member of his immediate family, which includes spouse,
fiancée, parent or child, brother or sister, grandparent or
grandchild, uncle or aunt, nephew or niece, and guardian or ward.
• Any medical doctor OR priest OR religious minister chosen by
him, or by any member of his immediate family, or by his counsel
of any national non-governmental organization duly accredited by
the Commission on Human Rights or the Office of the President.
Duties of Public Officers

4. The custodial investigation report shall be reduced to

writing by the investigating officer.

[Link] extrajudicial confession made by a person

arrested, detained or under custodial investigation shall
be in writing.
ARREST – General Guidelines

a. All arrests should be made only on the basis of

a valid Warrant of Arrest issued by a competent
authority, except in instances where the law
allows warrantless arrest.
 WARRANTLESS ARREST
Inflagrante Delicto
• The person arrested must execute overt indicating that he
committeda crime.
• Such act shall be done in the presence of arresting officer.
Hot pursuit arrest
“personal knowledge”
Escape Fugitive Arrest
Executive Order 272

If you are arrested without a warrant, you will be

immediately brought to the proper police station and kept
there for not more than:

- 12 hours - Light
- 18 hours - Correctional
- 36 hours – Afflictive/Capital
b. No violence or unnecessary force shall be
used in making an arrest, and the person to be
arrested shall not be subjected to any greater
restraint than what is necessary under the
circumstances.
c. As a general rule, arrests can be made on any day of the week and at
any time of the day or night.
d. Only judges are authorized to issue Warrants of Arrest.
e. A Warrant of Arrest is no longer needed if the accused is already under
detention.
An Order of Commitment is issued by the judge in lieu of the Warrant of
Arrest.

f. The following are immune from arrest:

(1) A Senator or Member of the House of the Representatives while
Congress is in session for an offense punishable by not more than six
years of imprisonment; and
(2) Diplomatic Agents, Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations.
How many days does the warrant of arrest shall be
executed

a. Within 10 days from its receipt

b. Within 10 days from its issuance
c. Within 10 days from its date
d. Within 10 days from its approval
WARRANT OF ARREST
The warrant of arrest is the written authority of the
arresting officer when making an arrest or taking of a
person into custody in order that he may be bound to
answer for the commission of an offense.

The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest has

been delivered for implementation shall cause the
warrant to be implemented within ten (10) days from
receipt.
ARRESTS WITHOUT A WARRANT

A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a

person:

a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has

committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit
an offense;
b. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable
cause to believe, based on personal knowledge of facts or
circumstances, that the person to be arrested has committed it;
A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant,
arrest a person:

c. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has

escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is
serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his
case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred from
one confinement area to another;

d. Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the

country without court permission;
A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant,
arrest a person:

e. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Article

159 of the Revised Penal Code as a case of evasion of
service of sentence; and

f. Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the

Immigration Commissioner against illegal and undesirable
aliens
SERVING OF WARRANT OF ARREST -
PROCEDURES

(1) Verify the validity of the warrant and request for

an authenticated copy from the issuing court;
(2) In serving the warrant, the police officer should
introduce himself and show proper identification;
(3) make a manifestation of authority against the
person to be arrested;
SERVING OF WARRANT OF ARREST -
PROCEDURES

(4) If refused entry, the police officer may break into any
residence, office, building, and other structure where the person
to be arrested is in or is reasonably believed to be in, after
announcing his purpose;

(5) The police officer need not have a copy of the warrant in his
possession at the time of the arrest. If the person arrested so
requires, the warrant shall be shown to the arrested person as
soon as possible;
SERVING OF WARRANT OF ARREST -
PROCEDURES
(6) Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for
the protection of the arresting officer, other individuals or
the arrested person himself;

(7) Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal

materials on the person arrested and surroundings within
his immediate control;
SERVING OF WARRANT OF ARREST -
PROCEDURES
(8) Inform the person to be arrested of his rights under the
law (i.e. Miranda Warning and Anti-torture Warning);

(9) No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest;

(10) Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented

with the chain of custody of evidence duly and clearly
established;
SERVING OF WARRANT OF ARREST -
PROCEDURES

(11) bring the arrested person to the Police Station for

documentation;

(12) Make a Return of Warrant to the court of origin; and

(13) Deliver the arrested person to jail/prison upon the

issuance of a commitment order of the court.
EFFECTING WARRANTLESS ARREST -
PROCEDURES
(1) Freeze or restrain the suspect/s;
(2) make proper introduction as to identity and authority to arrest;

(3) Inform the arrested person of the circumstances of his arrest and
recite the Miranda Warning and Anti torture Warning to him;
(4) Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the
protection of the arresting officer, other individuals or the arrested
person himself;
EFFECTING WARRANTLESS ARREST -
PROCEDURES
(5) Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials
on the person arrested and surroundings within his immediate
control;
(6) Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the
chain of custody of evidence duly and clearly established;

(7) No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest; and

(8) Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for further
investigation and disposition.
SEARCH AND SEIZURE

A SEARCH WARRANT
shall be issued only upon probable cause in connection
with one specific offense to be determined personally
by the judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses
presented.
It shall particularly describe the place to be searched
and the things to be seized which may be anywhere in
the Philippines.
 SEARCH AND SEIZURE
a. The following properties may be the objects of a search warrant:
(1) Properties which are the subject of the offense;
(2) Stolen, embezzled proceeds, or fruits of the offense; and
(3) Objects including weapons, equipment, and other items
used or intended to be used as the means of committing an
offense.
b. Objects that are illegal per se, even if not particularly described in
the search warrant, may be seized under the plain view doctrine.
Validity of Search Warrant

a. The warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days from date
of issuance and may be served at any day within the said
period. Thereafter, it shall be void.

b. If, in the implementation of the search warrant, its

object or purpose cannot be accomplished in one day, the
search can be continued the following day, or days, until
completed, provided it is still within the ten (10)- day
validity period of the search warrant.
Validity of Search Warrant

c. If the object or purpose of the search warrant cannot

be accomplished within the ten (10)-day validity period,
the responsible police officer conducting the search must
file, before the issuing court, an application for the
extension of the validity period of said search warrant.
TIME OF SEARCH

The warrant should be served during

daytime, unless there is a provision in the
warrant allowing service at any time of
the day or night.
Valid Search and Seizures without Search Warrant

a. Search made incidental to a valid arrest

b. Search of moving vehicles
c. Seizure of evidence in plain view
d. When there is waiver of the right or there is consented search
e. Searches Under Stop and Frisk Rule
f. Emergency and Exigent Circumstances
g. Tipped Information
Requirements of Police Operations
• Basic requirements – marked vehicle, led by
Police Commissioned Officer, with prescribed
police uniform
• Use of megaphones and similar instruments
• Warning shots prohibited
Use of Force During Police Operations

• Excessive Force is prohibited

• Verbal warning must be issued
• Use of Non-lethal weapon for violent or threatening
suspect
• Application of necessary and reasonable force
USE OF FIREARM DURING POLICE OPERATIONS

• Justified when the offender poses imminent danger of

causing death or injury to the police or other persons

• Firing at moving vehicle is prohibited – unless

occupants poses imminent danger of causing death or
injury to the police or other persons and the use of FA
does not create danger to the public
Procedures after an Armed Confrontation
a. Secure the site of confrontation;
b. Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger;
c. Take photographs;
d. Evacuate all wounded to the nearest hospital regardless of the
extent of injury;
e. Keep arrested suspects in isolation;
f. Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives;
g. Submit After-Operations Report; and
h. Ensure psychological stress counselling for all involved PNP
Operatives.
SPOT CHECK/ACCOSTING

the brief stopping of an individual, whether on

foot or in a vehicle, based on reasonable
suspicion/ probable cause, for the purpose of
determining the individual’s identity and
resolving the officer’s suspicion concerning
criminal activity.
STOPPING AND FRISKING (PAT-DOWN SEARCH)

When to Stop

Stopping. The police officer may stop a person only

when there is genuine reason to believe, based on
experiences and the particular circumstances that a
criminal activity may be afoot.
The police officer must be able to point to specific
facts that, when taken together with rational inferences,
reasonably warrant the stop.
STOPPING AND FRISKING (PAT-DOWN SEARCH)

When to Stop

Such facts include, but not limited to the following:

a) The person is reported to be allegedly involved in a
criminal activity;
b) The actions or demeanor of the person suggest that
he/she is engaged in a criminal activity;
STOPPING AND FRISKING (PAT-DOWN SEARCH)

When to Stop

Such facts include, but not limited to the following:

c) The person is carrying something illegal or when his/her
clothing bulges in a manner that suggests he/she is carrying
a weapon; and
d) The person is seen at the time and place proximate to an
alleged crime incident and/or flees at the sight of a police
officer.
STOPPING AND FRISKING (PAT-DOWN SEARCH)

When to Frisk

Body Frisking (Pat-Down Search). A police officer

has the right to perform body frisking if the person has
been stopped with genuine reason to believe that he/she
carries weapon/s and poses a threat to the police
officer’s or another person’s safety.
STOPPING AND FRISKING (PAT-DOWN SEARCH)

When to Frisk
Circumstances which may justify body frisking (pat-
down search) include but not limited to the following:

a) Visual indication suggesting that the person is carrying

a firearm or other deadly weapon;
STOPPING AND FRISKING (PAT-DOWN SEARCH)

When to Frisk
Circumstances which may justify body frisking (pat-
down search) include but not limited to the following:

b) The type of crime believed to have been committed by

the person, particularly crimes of violence where the
threat of use or use of deadly weapon is involved; and
STOPPING AND FRISKING (PAT-DOWN SEARCH)

When to Frisk
Circumstances which may justify body frisking (pat-down
search) include but not limited to the following:

c) The threatening demeanor of the person.

 POLICE CHECKPOINTS

A location where the search, which is duly

authorized by the PNP, is conducted to
deter/prevent the commission of crimes,
enforce the law, and for other legitimate
purposes.
 POLICE CHECKPOINTS

The establishment of checkpoints shall be

authorized by the Head of Office of the territorial
PNP unit and manned by uniformed PNP
personnel.

Other units may establish checkpoints in

coordination with the Head of Office of the
territorial PNP unit in the area.
 POLICE CHECKPOINTS
Checkpoint team:
Team Leader (TL)
shall lead and take responsibility in the conduct of checkpoint

Spotter/Profiler
shall point/profile suspected vehicle subject for checkpoint;

Verifiers
shall conduct document verification, search, seizure and arrest, if
necessary, initial custody of seized evidence
POLICE CHECKPOINTS

Checkpoint team:
Search/Arresting personnel
shall search, seize illegal items and arrest offenders;

Forward/Rear Security
shall provide security in the checkpoint area and
block/pursue fleeing suspects/vehicle;
HASTY CHECKPOINT
an immediate response to block the escape of lawless
elements from a crime scene, and is also established
when nearby checkpoints are ignored or during hot
pursuit operations.
It is set up by police personnel conducting mobile
patrol on board a marked police vehicle, or those
conducting foot patrol operations within the
vicinity/periphery of the national or provincial
highways.
POLICE DEFENSIVE ROADBLOCK
a temporary installation or hastily built
barricade set for halting traffic to
facilitate the neutralization of an armed
person/suspect onboard a motor vehicle.
 High-Visibility Patrol (HVP)
› Increasing the “aura of police omnipresence.”
› Intended to deter street crimes.

 Low-Visibility Patrol (LVP)

› Surprise is a primary element.
› Designed to increase the rate of apprehension.
 Target-Oriented Patrol (TOP)
› As the name implies, are targeted or directed toward specific persons,
places, or events.
› TOP consist of either Location-oriented, Offender-oriented, or Event-
oriented patrol.
› Combines the elements of HVP, LVP, and DDP to identify persons,
places, or events which attract or create crime problems.
 Proactive Patrol
› An alternative patrol system which means the fielding of the
field units in their respective area of responsibility with
prescribed objectives and verifiable tasks scheduled for the
day to augment the calls and other on sight activities that
makes up the officer’s day.
 Reactive Patrol
› a traditional patrol activity which consists of driving around
the district waiting for something to happen.
POLICE PLANNING
Administration
vs
Management
Administration
- an organizational process concerned with the
implementation of objectives and plans and internal
operating efficiency.

Management
- the process of directing and facilitating the work of
people organized in formal groups in order to achieve
objectives.
 What is Plan?

• is an organize schedule or sequence by

methodical activities intended to attain a goal and
objectives for the accomplishments of mission or
assignment. It is a method or way of doing
something in order to attain objectives.

• Plan provides answer to 5W’s and 1 H.

 DEFINE PLANNING

• is a management function concerned with visualizing future

situations, making estimates concerning them,
• identify issues, needs and potential danger points,
• analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and means for
reaching desired goals according to a certain schedule,
A plan is a mode of action.

an arrangement of means or steps for the attainment of a

goal or achievement

a well prepared schedule of activities intended to

accomplish the goals of a person or an organization.
The first step in planning is:

[Link] the problem

[Link] of reference
[Link] all pertinent data
[Link] the facts 
Special Procedure in Police Planning
1. Frame of Reference
2. Clarifying Problems
3. Collecting all Pertinent Facts
4. Analyzing the Facts
5. Developing Alternative Plans
6. Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternative
7. Selling the Plan
8. Arranging for Execution of the Plan
9. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Plan
Soliciting the acceptance of the personnel concerned is
a step in planning known as:

A. Frame of reference
B. Arranging for the execution of the plan
C. Selling the plan
D. Selecting the most appropriate alternative
 QUESTION
Primary Reason why
malfunction exist in Police
Administration?
Absence of planning skills of the administrators
 Police Planning
vs.
Operational Planning
 Police Planning

• is an attempt by police administrators in trying to

allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated
service demands.

• It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts

and events as basis for policy formulation and
decision affecting law enforcement management.
 Operational Planning

• is the use of a rational design or pattern for all departmental

undertakings rather than relying on chance in an
operational environment.

• it is the preparation and development of procedures and

techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks
and functions of an organization.
 What is Police Operational Planning?
• is the act of determining policies and guidelines for
police activities and operations and providing
controls and safeguards for such activities and
operations in the department.
• it may also be the process of formulating coordinated
sequence of methodical activities and allocation of
resources to the line units of the police organization
for the attainment of the mandated objectives or goals.
What are the 5Ms of managemet that must be
considered in the police planning?

MONEY
MANPOWER
MATERIALS
METHODS
MACHINERY
Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a
measurable result within a specific period of
time.

Goals are general statement of intention and

typically with time horizon, or it is an
achievable end state that can be measured and
observed.
Strategyis a broad design or method; or a plan to
attain a stated goal or objectives.

Tactics are specific design, method or course of

action to attain a particular objective in
consonance with strategy.
 Procedures
are sequences of activities to reach a point or to
attain what is desired.

Guidelines
are rules of action for the rank and file to show them
how they are expected to obtain the desired effect.
Mission
are statement that clearly specify the general objective as
an organization.

Vision
are statement portraying as to how the organization will be
put into picture in the future.
 QUESTION

Is a product of prudence or wisdom in the management of human

affairs, or policy is a course of action which could be a
program of actions adopted by an individual, group,
organization, or government, or the set of principles on which
they are based?

Policy
TYPES OF POLICE POLICIES:
ACCORDING TO ORIGIN:
• Originated
• Appealed
• Imposed

ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT MATTER:

• General statement of principles
• Specific rules
 This type of policy comes from top
management level and is intended to
set up guidelines in the operation of the
police organization?

Originated Policy
This type of policy comes from the
government in the forms of laws,
administrative orders and rules and
procedures?

Imposed Policy
 This type of policy is born when
problems arise at the lower levels of
organization and the man in charge
does not know how to meet the
problem; he then appeals to his
superiors for and for guidance?

Appealed Policy
Dissemination of Policies:
• Police handbooks
• Police manuals
• Memoranda and Circulars
• Bulletin Boards
• Meetings or conferences
 QUESTION
In technical terms, it refers to an options by which
goals and objectives can be attained. They maybe
policies, strategies or specific actions aimed at
eliminating a problem.

Alternatives
What are the approaches in Police
Planning?

• Synoptic Approach
• Incremental Approach
• Transactive Approach
• Advocacy Approach
• Radical Approach
Synoptic planning

or the rational comprehensive approach is the dominant tradition

in planning. It is also the point of departure for most other planning
approaches.
This model is based on a problem-oriented approach to planning
especially appropriate for police agencies. It relies heavily on the
problem identification and analysis of the planning process. It can
assist police administrators in formulating goals and priorities in terms
that are focused on specific problems and solutions that often confront
law enforcement.
Incremental Planning

This planning concludes that long range and

comprehensive planning are not only too difficult,
but inherently bad.
The problems are seen as too difficult when they are
grouped together and easier to solve when they are
taken one at a time and broken down into gradual
adjustments over time.
Transactive Planning
 
Transactive planning is carried out in face-to-face
interaction with the people who are to be affected by
the plan and not to an anonymous target community of
beneficiaries. Techniques include field surveys and
interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of mutual
learning.
Advocacy Planning

Beneficial aspects of this approach include a

greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative
side effects of plans.
Radical Planning

The first mainstream involves collective actions to

achieve concrete results in the immediate future. The
second mainstream is critical of large-scale social
processes and how they permeate the character of social
and economic life at all levels, which, in turn, determine
the structure and evolution of social problems.
 Classifications of Police Plan

• According to coverage
• Local Plans
• Regional Plans
• National Plans

• According to time frame

• Strategic or Long Range Plans
• Immediate or Medium Range Plans
• Operational or Short Range Plans
 QUESTION
Classification of plan according to coverage that took
place within police precincts, sub-stations, and stations?

Local Plan
 Classification of plan according to coverage that
emanates from national headquarters and covers national
scope of implementation refers to?

National Plan
 Classification of plan which is long range in application, and
it is determine by the organization’s original goals and strategy

Strategic or Long Range Plan

 Refers to the production of plans, which determine the
schedule of special activity and are applicable from one week or
less than year duration. Plan that addresses immediate need
which are specific and how it can be accomplished on time with
available allocated resources.

Operational or Short Range Planning

OPLAN’s are example of what classification of plan?

Short Range Plan

How about Master Plans?

Intermediate or Medium Range Planning

PNP MASTER PLANS

Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo

Master Plan Sandugo
Master Plan Banat
Master Plan Sang-ingat
Master Plan
Sangyaman
 Anti-crime master plan?

Master Plan Sandigan (LOI 39/2001)

Counter-insurgency master plan?

Master Plan Sandugo (LOI 40/2001)

Anti-Illegal Drugs Master Plan?

Master Plan Sang-banat (LOI 43/2001)

Security Operations Master Plan?

Master Plan Sang-ingat (LOI 44/2001)

 Disaster Management Master Plan?

Master Plan Saklolo (LOI 45/2001)

Protection and Preservation of Environment, Cultural

Properties, and Natural Resources Master Plan?

Sangyaman (LOI 42/2001)

 TYPES OF PLANS in General

• Reactive Plan
• Proactive Plan
• Visionary Plan
• Strategic Plan
• Operational Plan – Standing Plan, Functional Plan,
Operational-Efficiency Plan and Time- specific Plans
Reactive Plans
- are plans developed as a result of crisis.

Proactive Plans
- are plans developed in anticipation of problems.

Visionary Plans
- are essential statements plans that identify the role of the police in the
community and a future condition or state to which the department can aspire.
Procedures intended to be used in all situations of all
kinds shall be outlined as a guide to officers and men
in the field?

Field Procedure
This procedure includes operation of the special unit
charged with the searching and preservation of
physical evidence at the crime scenes and accidents,
the control of licenses, dissemination of information
about wanted persons, inspection of the PNP
headquarters, and the like?

Special Operation Procedures

 Primary consideration that pertains to a rule or
principle that forms the basis for a belief, theory or
policy that provides for the organizations objectives.

Doctrine
Different Doctrines in Police Planning

• Primary Doctrines
Fundamental Doctrine
Operational Doctrine
Functional Doctrine

• Secondary Doctrine
Complimentary Doctrine
Ethical Doctrine
Different Doctrines in Police Planning

• Fundamental Doctrines

These are the basic principles in planning,

organization and management of the PNP in support of the
overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, mission and strategic
action plan of the attainment of the national objectives.
Different Doctrines in Police Planning

• Operational Doctrines
These are the principles and rules governing the
planning, organization and direction and employment of
the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic security
operational mission in the maintenance of peace and order,
crime prevention and suppression, internal security and
public safety operation.
Different Doctrines in Police Planning

• Functional Doctrines

These provide guidance for specialized activities of the

PNP in the broad field of interest such as personnel,
intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc.
Different Doctrines in Police Planning

• Complimentary Doctrines
Formulated jointly by two or more bureaus in order
to effect a certain operation with regard to public safety
and peace and order. These essentially involve the
participation of the other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP), Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC),
National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and other law
enforcement agencies.
Different Doctrines in Police Planning

• Ethical Doctrines

These define the fundamental principles governing the

rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norm of
the PNP.
 DOCTRINES USED IN POLICE PLANNING

• Doctrine of Due process

• Public trust doctrine
• Command responsibility
• Doctrine of maximum tolerance
• Plain-view doctrine
• Doctrine of hot-pursuit
• Poisonous tree doctrine
• Miranda doctrine
DOCTRINE OF DUE PROCESS

• emphasize that the government must respect all

legal rights of a person guaranteed by the law
 PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE

• requires that certain resources are preserved for public use,

and that the government is required to maintain it for the
public's reasonable use
 YAMASHITA STANDARD

• based upon the case of Japanese General Tomoyuki

Yamashita
• Yamashita was prosecuted for atrocities committed by troops
under his command in the Philippines.
• Yamashita was charged with "unlawfully disregarding and
failing to discharge his duty as a commander to control the
acts of members of his command by permitting them to
commit war crimes."
 MEDINA STANDARD

• based upon the 1971 prosecution of US Army Captain Ernest

Medina in connection with the My Lai Massacre during the
Vietnam War
• requires that a commanding officer, being aware of a human
rights violation or a war crime, will be held criminally liable
when he does not take action
• Medina was acquitted of all charges.
 DOCTRINE OF MAXIMUM TOLERANCE

• The highest degree of restraint that the military, police, and

other peace keeping authorities shall observe during a public
assembly or in the dispersal of the same.
 PLAIN-VIEW DOCTRINE

• allows an officer to seize without a warrant, evidence and

contraband found in plain view during a lawful observation
 DOCTRINE OF HOT-PURSUIT

• a common law principle describing the rules of engagement

when apprehending and forcibly detaining another, or invade
one's privacy during an arrest operation
 POISONOUS TREE DOCTRINE

• Also known as the exclusionary rule

• Prohibiting any evidence to be attained by an illegal search,
seizure, or arrest.
 MIRANDA DOCTRINE

• Preventing law enforcement the application of coercion and

force to answer incriminating questions to persons under
investigation.
QUESTION
It is the process through which crime analysts and
researchers use location information about crime
events to detect spatial patterns in criminal activity.
A. Crime spot map
B. Traffic Spot map
C. Crime mapping
D. Chart mapping
 Crime Spot Map
It posts the location of murders, rapes, robberies,
carnapping and other major crimes of the locality.

Traffic Spot Map

It posts the motor vehicle and pedestrian accidents
which occur in the area.
CRIME MAPPING
Crime mapping can be used to identify patterns in crime,
as well as allow officers in the field to simultaneous view
the same map, even as it is updated with new information.

Place-based policing focuses on places where crimes are

concentrated and it begins with an assumption that there is
something about a place that leads to crimes occurring
there.
In this sense, place-based policing is theoretically based on
“routine activities theory,”
 GENERAL
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIME MAPPING
COMPUTERIZED CRIME MAPPING

Computerized crime mapping technology enables law

enforcement agencies to analyze and correlate data
sources to create a detailed snapshot of crime incidents
and related factors within a community or other
geographical area.
PIN MAPPING

Pin mapping (also known as address matching or

geocoding) is the process of assigning map
coordinate locations to records in a database.
HOTSPOT MAPPING

Hotspot Mapping is a process of data collection that

identifies areas of a place where the people there feel
safe and unsafe. That data is used to make changes to
the physical environment or social climate of the space
that make unsafe areas (“hotspots”) safer.
Types of Crime Mapping

1. Single-symbol maps - individual,

uniform symbols represent features
such as the locations of stores, roads,
or states.

2. Buffer is a specified area around a

feature on a map. Buffers help in crime
analysis by illustrating the relative
distances between features on a map.
3. Graduated mapping - crime
analysts often use graduated maps
—that is, maps in which different
sizes or colors of features represent
particular values of variables.

4. Chart mapping - allows the crime

analyst to display several values
within a particular variable at the
same time.
HOW CRIME MAPPING IS USED WITHIN THE THREE
TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS:
1. Tactical crime analysis - crime mapping is used to identify
immediate patterns for crimes such as residential and commercial
burglary, auto theft, and theft from vehicles.
2. Strategic crime analysis - crime mapping is utilized in long-
term applications to analyze the relationship between criminal
activity and indicators of disorder, such as a high volume of
vacant property or disorder calls for service
3. Administrative crime analysis - crime mapping is a valuable
tool used by police, researchers, and media organizations to
convey criminal activity information to the public.
• Intelligence Analysis
• The study of “organized” criminal activity, whether or not it is reported to law enforcement, to
assist investigative personnel in linking people,events, and property.
• The purpose of intelligence analysis is to assist sworn personnel in the identification of
networks and apprehension of individuals to subsequently prevent criminal
• Criminal Investigative Analysis
• The study of serial criminals, victims, and/or crime scenes as well as physical,
socio-demographic, psychological, and geographic characteristics to develop
patterns that will assist in linking together and solving current serial criminal
activity.
• This type of analysis has also been called “profiling,” which is the process of
• constructing a “profile” of an unknown offender based on the nature of the
crime
•.
• . Principle of Flexibility
• According to these principles of planning, plans should be flexible.
Flexibility means to change according to need.
• Flexible plans may be revised, in accordance with the changed
requirements and the losses may be averted or minimized.
• Principle of Navigational Change
• This principle of planning puts emphasis on the fact that just as a
sailor is attentive towards taking his boat to the destination, by paying
regular attention to the speed, direction, and balance of the boat,
each moment.
• Principle of Commitment
• This principle determines the ‘Time period‘ of planning.
• According to this principle the planning, the planning should
necessarily be at least we for that period, which is required for
fulfilling commitments made with its employees, suppliers, debtors,
and the consumers, etc.
• Principle of Alternative
• The success of planning depends upon the correct decision taken.
• Hence, before asking decisions, various alternatives should be
discovered and necessary information should be gathered about
them, and then the best alternative should be selected.
• Principle of Limiting Factor
• This principle stated that managers should identify the factors having
only limited achievements of the desired goals while selecting the
best alternatives and suitable solutions to critical and objectionable
factors should be found.
• Principle of Cooperation
• This principal emphasis that the success of planning depends upon the
cooperation of the whole organization.
• Principle of Timing: Number of major and minor plans of the organization
should be arranged in a systematic manner. The plans should be arranged
in a time hierarchy, initiation and completion of those plans should be
clearly determined.
• A Plan must be SMART
• ➢ SPECIFIC - Objectives must be specific enough to avoid confusion. They should identify
what the
• objective is in terms of action to be done.
• ➢ MEASURABLE - The objective should be numerical and quantifiable. Avoid term such as
some, most,
• many, and enough.
• ➢ ACHIEVABLE- An objective should be able to be met with reasonable effort. They
should not be the
• source of undue physical or emotional stress.
• ➢ RELEVANT - The objective should contribute in some way to the success of the
organization as well as
• the development of the employee.
• ➢ TIME-BOUND - Objectives should come with firm dates.
• Requirements of Police Operations
• Police operations such as but not limited to arrest, search and seizure,
checkpoint, roadblocks, and civil disturbance management shall, whenever
applicable and practicable, be conducted as follows:
• a. With marked police vehicle;
• b. Led by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) or the most senior Police Non-
Commissioned Officer
• (PNCO) in the absence or unavailability of a PCO; and
• c. With personnel in prescribed police uniform except for covert operatives when
serving warrant of arrest
• provided personnel in uniform shall be present during the arrest
• d. With the use of Body Worn Cameras (BWCs) and/or Alternative Recording
Devices (ARDs) during the
• conduct of searches and arrests.
• Patrol
• It is the oldest and most basic function in law enforcement is the patrol function.
Patrol is the only form of police service which directly attempts to eliminate the
desire/opportunity of an individual to commit misconduct.
• Patrol Is the Backbone of the Police Department. Patrol deters criminal and
protect the law abiding citizen.
• The Primary Importance of Patrol:
• It can perform all police functions.
• • Patrol is the essence of the police function.
• • Patrol force is the single largest element in the police organization and the
actions taken by the patrol officers have a direct impact on the citizen satisfaction
and well-being and on the accomplishment of police goals and objectives.
• • The patrol function is also the most visible form of police activity, furthering the
community’s well-being and perception of the level of local government services.
• Theories:
• • Police Omnipresence- principle of overt operation or high police
visibility.
• • Low Profile – principle of covert operation
• ✓Blending (civilian clothes) and decoy (provide opportunity to the
criminal
• ✓Stakeout (officer is hiding in an area while waiting for criminal)
• ✓Sting operation (officer will assume as buyer for stolen propert
 END
thank you for listening